Адыгэбзэжъэ версиехэм я зэщхьэщыкӀыныгъэхэр
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493 сатырыр | 493 сатырыр | ||
| straight man || zaːxʷa || захуэ || zaːfa || зафэ || zaːfa || зафэ || zaːxʷa || захуэ |
| straight man || zaːxʷa || захуэ || zaːfa || зафэ || zaːfa || зафэ || zaːxʷa || захуэ |
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====Uvular affricates==== |
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The consonant aspirated [[voiceless uvular stop]] [qʰ] {{angle bracket|къʰ}} and its [[Labialization|labialized]] counterpart [qʰʷ] {{angle bracket|къʰу}} survived in [[Bzhedug Adyghe dialect|Bzhedug]]. In the Temirgoy dialect they become къ {{IPAblink|q}} and къу [qʷ] while in Shapsug dialect they become хъ {{IPAblink|χ}} and хъу [χʷ]. In [[Kabardian language|Kabardian]] they became [[affricate consonant|affricate]] [[voiceless uvular affricate]] [q͡χ] {{angle bracket|кхъ}} and [[Labialization|labialized]] [[voiceless uvular affricate]] [q͡χʷ] {{angle bracket|кхъу}}. |
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{| class="IPA wikitable" border="1" text-align="right" |
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! rowspan="3"| Word |
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! rowspan="2" colspan="2"| Proto-Circassian |
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! colspan="6"| [[Adyghe language|Adyghe]] |
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! rowspan="2" colspan="2"| [[Kabardian language|Kabardian]] |
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|- |
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! colspan="2"| [[Temirgoy]] |
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! colspan="2"| [[Shapsug Adyghe dialect|Shapsug]] |
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! colspan="2"| [[Bzhedug Adyghe dialect|Bzhedug]] |
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|- |
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! IPA |
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! Cyrillic |
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! IPA |
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! Cyrillic |
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! IPA |
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! Cyrillic |
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! IPA |
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! Cyrillic |
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! IPA |
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! Cyrillic |
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|- |
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| son || qʷa || къо || qʷa || къо || qʷa || къо || qʷa || къо || qʷa || къуэ |
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|- |
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| man || χʷəɬxʷəʁa || хъулъхугъэ || χʷəɬfəʁa || хъулъфыгъэ || qʷəlfəʁa || къулфыгъэ || χʷəɬfəʁa || хъулъфыгъэ || χʷəɬxʷəʁa || хъулъхугъэ |
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|- |
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| grave || qʰa || къʰэ || qa || къэ || χa || хъэ || qʰa || къʰэ || q͡χa || кхъэ |
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|- |
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| male || χʷə || хъу || χʷə || хъу || χʷə || хъу || χʷə || хъу || χʷə || хъу |
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|- |
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| pig || qʰʷa || къʰо || qʷa || къо || χʷa || хъо || qʰʷa || къʰо || q͡χʷa || кхъуэ |
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|- |
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| cheese|| ? || ? || q͡ʷaːja || къуае || χʷaːja || хъуае || ? || ? || q͡χʷej || кхъуей |
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|- |
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| voice/sound || ? || ? || maːqa || макъэ || maːχa || махъэ || ? || ? || maːq || макъ |
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|- |
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| ship || ? || ? || qʷəħa || къухьэ || qʷaħ || къохь || ? || ? || q͡χʷaħ || кхъухь |
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|- |
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| ant || ? || ? || qaːmzaɡʷ || къамзэгу || χaːnzaɡʷ || хъанзэгу || ? || ? || χʷəmpʼat͡sʼad͡ʒ || хъумпӏэцӏэдж |
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|- |
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| peer || ? || ? || qʷəʐə || къужъы || qʷəʐə || къужъы || ? || ? || q͡χʷəʑə || кхъужьы |
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|} |
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====Lateral affricates==== |
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In the Proto-Circassian there existed an [[alveolar lateral ejective affricate]] *[t͡ɬʼ]. This consonant survived in the [[Besleney language|Besleney]] dialect of Kabardian . In most Circassian dialects it become an [[alveolar lateral ejective fricative]] [ɬʼ].<ref name="UCLA Phonetics Lab Archive - Recording Details for Kabardian Baslanei dialect">[http://archive.phonetics.ucla.edu/Language/KBD/kbd.html UCLA Phonetics Lab Archive - Recording Details for Kabardian Baslanei dialect]. In the first word list called [http://archive.phonetics.ucla.edu/Language/KBD/kbd_word-list_1970_01.html kbd_word-list_1970_01.html] the word "dress" is pronounced as {{IPA|/ɡʲaːna/}} compare to Standard Kabardian {{IPA|/d͡ʒaːna/}}. The words "man" and "quarter" are pronounced as {{IPA|/t͡ɬʼə/}} and {{IPA|/pt͡ɬʼaːna/}} compare to Standard Kabardian {{IPA|/ɬʼə/}} and {{IPA|/pɬʼaːna/}}</ref> |
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{| class="IPA wikitable" border="1" text-align="right" |
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! rowspan="3"| Word |
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! rowspan="2" colspan="2"| Proto-Circassian |
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! colspan="6"| [[Adyghe language|Adyghe]] |
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! rowspan="2" colspan="2"| [[Kabardian language|Kabardian]] |
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! rowspan="2" colspan="2"| [[Besleney language|Besleney]] |
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|- |
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! colspan="2"| [[Temirgoy]] |
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! colspan="2"| [[Shapsug Adyghe dialect|Shapsug]] |
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! colspan="2"| [[Abzakh Adyghe dialect|Abzakh]] |
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|- |
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! IPA |
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! Cyrillic |
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! IPA |
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! Cyrillic |
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! IPA |
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! Cyrillic |
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! IPA |
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! Cyrillic |
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! IPA |
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! Cyrillic |
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! IPA |
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! Cyrillic |
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|- |
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| four || pt͡ɬʼə || птлӏы || pɬʼə || плӏы || pɬʼə || плӏы || pɬʼə || плӏы || pɬʼə || плӏы || pt͡ɬʼə || птлӏы |
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|- |
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| to die || mat͡ɬʼan || мэтлӏэн || maɬʼan || мэлӏэн || maɬʼan || мэлӏэн || maɬʼan || мэлӏэн || maɬʼan || мэлӏэн || mat͡ɬʼan || мэтлӏэн |
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|- |
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| man/husband || t͡ɬʼə || тлӏы || ɬʼə || лӏы || ɬʼə || лӏы || ɬʼə || лӏы || ɬʼə || лӏы || t͡ɬʼə || тлӏы |
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|} |
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There also existed [[voiced alveolar lateral affricate]] *[d͡ɮ] that become [ɣ] in Adyghe and [ʒ] in Kabardian and a palatalized [[voiced velar fricative]] *[ɣʲ] that become [ɣ] in Adyghe and [ʑ] in Kabardian. |
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{| class="IPA wikitable" border="1" text-align="right" |
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! rowspan="3"| Word |
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! rowspan="2" colspan="2"| Proto-Circassian |
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! colspan="6"| [[Adyghe language|Adyghe]] |
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! rowspan="2" colspan="2"| [[Kabardian language|Kabardian]] |
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|- |
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! colspan="2"| [[Temirgoy]] |
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! colspan="2"| [[Shapsug Adyghe dialect|Shapsug]] |
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! colspan="2"| [[Abzakh Adyghe dialect|Abzakh]] |
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|- |
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! IPA |
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! Cyrillic |
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! IPA |
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! Cyrillic |
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! IPA |
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! Cyrillic |
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! IPA |
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! Cyrillic |
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! IPA |
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! Cyrillic |
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|- |
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| rip || t͡saːd͡ɮa || цадлэ || t͡saːɣa || цагэ || t͡saːɣa || цагэ || t͡saːɣa || цагэ || d͡zaːʒa || дзажэ |
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|- |
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| to wash, to launder || ɣʲət͡ʃʼan || гыкӏэн || ɣət͡ʃʼan || гыкӏэн || ɣət͡ʃʼan || гыкӏэн || ɣət͡ʃʼan || гыкӏэн || ʑəɕʼan || жьыщӏэн |
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|} |
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====Ejective plosive==== |
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The consonants [[glottal stop]] [ʔ] and labialized [[glottal stop]] [ʔʷ] in Proto-Circassian may have come from [[uvular ejective]] [qʼ] and labialized [[uvular ejective]] [qʷʼ]. In the [[Hakuchi Adyghe dialect|Hakuchi dialect]] it is pronounced as [qʼ] and [qʷʼ].<ref name="adygeya-republic phonetic changes ">[http://adygeya-republic.info/adyghe-language/detalno/foneticheskie-izmenenija-soglasnykh/laringalizacija/ Ларингализация]</ref> |
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{| class="IPA wikitable" border="1" text-align="right" |
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! rowspan="2"| Word |
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! colspan="2"| Proto-Circassian |
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! rowspan="2"| [[Ubykh language|Ubykh]] |
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! colspan="2"| [[Adyghe language|Adyghe]] |
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! colspan="2"| [[Kabardian language|Kabardian]] |
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|- |
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! IPA |
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! Cyrillic |
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! IPA |
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! Cyrillic |
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! IPA |
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! Cyrillic |
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|- |
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| two || tʼqʷʼə ~ tʔʷə || тӏыкъӏу || tʼqʷʼa || tʷʼə || тӏу || tʼəw || тӏу |
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|- |
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| to say || qʼan ~ ʔʷan || къӏуэн || qʼan || ʔʷan || ӏон || ʔʷan || ӏуэн |
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|- |
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| hand || ʔa ~ qʼa || къӏэ || ? || ʔa || ӏэ || ʔa || ӏэ |
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|- |
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| table || ʔaːna ~ qʼaːna || къӏанэ || ? || ʔaːna|| ӏанэ || ʔaːna|| ӏанэ |
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|- |
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| hat || paːqʷʼa ~ paːʔʷa || пакъӏуэ || ? || paːʔʷa || паӏо || ? || ? |
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|} |
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===Aspirated and tense=== |
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The reflexes of a series of obstruent consonants, described as "tense" or "geminate". In Kabardian, they become simple voiced consonants, while in Adyghe, the outcome depends on the dialect: in Bzhadugh, these remain as tense, in Temirgoy, they become simple voiceless consonants. |
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====Aspirated consonants==== |
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* Proto-Circassian [[aspirated consonant|aspirated]] тʰ {{IPAblink|ʰ|tʰ}} survived in the [[Bzhedug Adyghe dialect|Bzhedug dialect]] and in other Circassian dialects it became [[plain consonant|plain]] т {{IPAblink|t}}. |
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{| class="IPA wikitable" border="1" text-align="right" |
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! rowspan="3"| Word |
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! rowspan="2" colspan="2"| Proto-Circassian |
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! colspan="4"| [[Adyghe language|Adyghe]] |
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! rowspan="2" colspan="2"| [[Kabardian language|Kabardian]] |
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|- |
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! colspan="2"| [[Bzhedug Adyghe dialect|Bzhedug]] |
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! colspan="2"| [[Temirgoy]], [[Abzakh Adyghe dialect|Abzakh]] and [[Shapsug Adyghe dialect|Shapsug]] |
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|- |
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! IPA |
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! Cyrillic |
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! IPA |
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! Cyrillic |
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! IPA |
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! Cyrillic |
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! IPA |
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! Cyrillic |
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|- |
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| respect || pχaːtʰa || пхъатʰэ || pχaːtʰa || пхъатʰэ || pχaːta || пхъатэ || - || - |
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|- |
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| to disband || tʼatʰan || тӏэтʰэн || tʼatʰan || тӏэтʰэн || tʼatan || тӏэтэн || tʼatan || тӏэтэн |
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|- |
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| to give || jatʰən || етʰын || jatʰən || етʰын || jatən || етын || jatən || етын |
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|- |
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| to take || ʃtʰan || штʰэн || ʃtʰan || штʰэн || ʃtan || штэн || ɕtan || щтэн |
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|- |
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| on || tʰajt || тʰет || tʰajt || тʰет || tajt || тет || tajt || тет |
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|- |
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| smooth || t͡sʼaːsʷtʰa || цӏасутʰэ || t͡sʼaːʃʷtʰa || цӏашъутʰэ || t͡sʼaːʃʷta || цӏашъутэ || t͡sʼaːfta || цӏафтэ |
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|- |
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| to afraid || ɕtʰan || щтʰэн || ɕtʰan || щтʰэн || ɕtan || щтэн || ɕtan || щтэн |
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|- |
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| pillow || ʂħaːntʰa || шъхьантʰэ || ʂħaːntʰa || шъхьантʰэ || ʂħaːnta || шъхьантэ || ɕħaːta || щхьатэ |
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|} |
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* Proto-Circassian [[aspirated consonant|aspirated]] пʰ {{IPAblink|ʰ|pʰ}} survived in the [[Bzhedug Adyghe dialect|Bzhedug dialect]] and in other Circassian dialects it became [[plain consonant|plain]] п {{IPAblink|p}}. |
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{| class="IPA wikitable" border="1" text-align="right" |
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! rowspan="3"| Word |
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! rowspan="2" colspan="2"| Proto-Circassian |
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! colspan="6"| [[Adyghe language|Adyghe]] |
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! rowspan="2" colspan="2"| [[Kabardian language|Kabardian]] |
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|- |
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! colspan="2"| [[Bzhedug Adyghe dialect|Bzhedug]] |
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! colspan="2"| [[Temirgoy]] and [[Abzakh Adyghe dialect|Abzakh]] |
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! colspan="2"| [[Shapsug Adyghe dialect|Shapsug]] |
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|- |
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! IPA |
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! Cyrillic |
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! IPA |
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! Cyrillic |
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! IPA |
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! Cyrillic |
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! IPA |
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! Cyrillic |
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! IPA |
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! Cyrillic |
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|- |
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| sharp || pʰaːpt͡sʼa || пʰапцӏэ || pʰaːpʰt͡sʼa || пʰапцӏэ || paːpt͡sʼa || папцӏэ || paːpsʼa || папсӏэ || папцӏэ || paːpt͡sʼa |
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|- |
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| arrogant || pʰaːɣa || пʰагэ || pʰaːɣa || пʰагэ || paːɣa || пагэ || paːɣa || пагэ || paːɣa || пагэ |
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|- |
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| nose || pʰa || пʰэ || pʰa || пʰэ || pa || пэ || pa || пэ || pa || пэ |
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|} |
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* Proto-Circassian [[aspirated consonant|aspirated]] цʰ {{IPAblink|ʰ|t͡sʰ}} survived in the [[Bzhedug Adyghe dialect|Bzhedug dialect]] and in other Circassian dialects it became [[plain consonant|plain]] ц {{IPAblink|t͡s}}. |
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{| class="IPA wikitable" border="1" text-align="right" |
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! rowspan="3"| Word |
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! rowspan="2" colspan="2"| Proto-Circassian |
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! colspan="4"| [[Adyghe language|Adyghe]] |
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! rowspan="2" colspan="2"| [[Kabardian language|Kabardian]] |
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|- |
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! colspan="2"| [[Bzhedug Adyghe dialect|Bzhedug]] |
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! colspan="2"| [[Temirgoy]], [[Abzakh Adyghe dialect|Abzakh]] and [[Shapsug Adyghe dialect|Shapsug]] |
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|- |
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! IPA |
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! Cyrillic |
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! IPA |
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! Cyrillic |
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! IPA |
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! Cyrillic |
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! IPA |
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! Cyrillic |
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|- |
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| wool || t͡sʰə || цʰы || t͡sʰə || цʰы || t͡sə || цы || t͡sə || цы |
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|- |
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| eyelash || nabzət͡sʰ || нэбзыцʰ || nabzət͡sʰ || нэбзыцʰ || nabzət͡s || нэбзыц || - || - |
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|} |
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* Proto-Circassian [[aspirated consonant|aspirated]] шʰ {{IPAblink|ʰ|ʃʰ}} survived in the [[Bzhedug Adyghe dialect|Bzhedug dialect]]. In other Adyghe dialects it became [[plain consonant|plain]] щ {{IPAblink|ɕ}} while in Kabardian it became [[plain consonant|plain]] ш {{IPAblink|ʃ}}. |
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{| class="IPA wikitable" border="1" text-align="right" |
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! rowspan="3"| Word |
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! rowspan="2" colspan="2"| Proto-Circassian |
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! colspan="4"| [[Adyghe language|Adyghe]] |
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! rowspan="2" colspan="2"| [[Kabardian language|Kabardian]] |
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|- |
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! colspan="2"| [[Bzhedug Adyghe dialect|Bzhedug]] |
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! colspan="2"| [[Temirgoy]], [[Abzakh Adyghe dialect|Abzakh]] and [[Shapsug Adyghe dialect|Shapsug]] |
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|- |
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! IPA |
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! Cyrillic |
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! IPA |
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! Cyrillic |
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! IPA |
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! Cyrillic |
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! IPA |
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! Cyrillic |
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|- |
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| milk || ʃʰa || шʰэ || ʃʰa || шʰэ || ɕa || щэ || ʃa || шэ |
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|- |
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| lame || ɬaːʃʰa || лъашʰэ || ɬaːʃʰa || лъашʰэ || ɬaːɕa || лъащэ || ɬaːʃa || лъашэ |
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|- |
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| salt || ʃʰəʁʷ || шʰыгъу || ʃʰəʁʷ || шʰыгъу || ɕəʁʷ || щыгъу || ʃəʁʷ || шыгъу |
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|- |
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| cloud || pʃʰa || пшʰэ || pʃʰa || пшʰэ || pɕa || пщэ || pʃa || пшэ |
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|- |
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| pus || ʃʰənə || шʰыны || ʃʰənə || шʰыны || - || - || ʃən || шын |
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|- |
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| accordion || pʃʰəna || пшʰынэ || pʃʰəna || пшʰынэ || pɕəna || пщынэ || pʃəna || пшынэ |
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|- |
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| fat || pʃʰarə || пшʰэры || pʃʰarə || пшʰэры || pɕarə || пщынэ || pʃar || пшэр |
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|- |
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| wax || ʃʰaxʷə || шʰэху || ʃʰafə || шʰэфы || - || - || ʃaxʷə || шэху |
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|} |
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*Proto-Circassian [[aspirated consonant|aspirated]] [[voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate]] ч [t͡ɕʰ] become plain чъ {{IPAblink|t͡ʂ}} in Temirgoy and aspirated чъʰ [t͡ʂʰ] in [[Bzhedug Adyghe dialect|Bzhedug dialect]], ш {{IPAblink|ʃ}} in the Abzakh dialect and щӏ {{IPAblink|ɕʼ}} in the Kabardian dialect.<ref name""=>[http://adygeya-republic.info/adyghe-language/detalno/foneticheskie-izmenenija-soglasnykh/spirantizacija-affrikat/ Спирантизация аффрикат]</ref> |
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{| class="IPA wikitable" border="1" text-align="right" |
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! rowspan="3"| Word |
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! rowspan="2" colspan="2"| Proto-Circassian |
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! colspan="8"| [[Adyghe language|Adyghe]] |
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! rowspan="2" colspan="2"| [[Kabardian language|Kabardian]] |
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|- |
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! colspan="2"| [[Bzhedug Adyghe dialect|Bzhedug]] |
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! colspan="2"| [[Temirgoy]] |
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! colspan="2"| [[Abzakh Adyghe dialect|Abzakh]] |
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! colspan="2"| [[Shapsug Adyghe dialect|Shapsug]] |
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|- |
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! IPA |
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! Cyrillic |
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! IPA |
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! Cyrillic |
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! IPA |
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! Cyrillic |
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! IPA |
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! Cyrillic |
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! IPA |
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! Cyrillic |
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! IPA |
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! Cyrillic |
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|- |
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| cold || t͡ɕʰəʔa || чьʰыӏэ || t͡ʂʰəʔa || чъʰыӏэ || t͡ʂəʔa || чъыӏэ || ʃəʔa || шыӏэ || t͡ɕəʔa || чьыӏэ || ɕʼəʔa || щбыӏэ |
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|} |
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*Proto-Circassian aspirated чʰ [t͡ʃʰ] become ш {{IPAblink|ʃ}} in most Adyghe and Kabardian dialects but become aspirated шʰ {{IPA|[ʃʰ]}} in [[Bzhedug Adyghe dialect|Bzhedug]] and чь {{IPAblink|t͡ɕ}} in [[Besleney#Language|Baslaney]]. |
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{| class="IPA wikitable" border="1" text-align="right" |
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! rowspan="3"| Word |
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! rowspan="2" colspan="2"| Proto-Circassian |
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! colspan="4"| [[Adyghe language|Adyghe]] |
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! rowspan="2" colspan="2"| [[Kabardian language|Kabardian]] |
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! rowspan="2" colspan="2"| [[Besleney#Language|Baslaney]] |
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|- |
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! colspan="2"| [[Bzhedug Adyghe dialect|Bzhedug]] |
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! colspan="2"| [[Temirgoy]], [[Abzakh Adyghe dialect|Abzakh]] and [[Shapsug Adyghe dialect|Shapsug]] |
|||
|- |
|||
! IPA |
|||
! Cyrillic |
|||
! IPA |
|||
! Cyrillic |
|||
! IPA |
|||
! Cyrillic |
|||
! IPA |
|||
! Cyrillic |
|||
! IPA |
|||
! Cyrillic |
|||
|- |
|||
| horse<br/>brother || t͡ʃʰə || чʰы || ʃʰə || шʰы || ʃə || шы || ʃə || шы || t͡ɕə || чьы |
|||
|- |
|||
| wedding || nəsaːt͡ʃʰa || нысачʰэ || nəsaːʃʰa || нысашʰэ || nəsaːʃa || нысашэ || nəsaːʃa || нысашэ || nəsaːt͡ɕa || нысачьэ |
|||
|- |
|||
| sister || t͡ʃʰəpχʷ || чʰыпхъу || ʃʰəpχʷ || шʰыпхъу || ʃəpχʷ || шыпхъу || ʃəpχʷ || шыпхъу || t͡ɕəpχʷ || чьыпхъу |
|||
|- |
|||
| sand || pt͡ʃʰaːχʷa || пчʰахъо || pʃʰaːχʷa || пшʰахъо || pʃaːχʷa || пшахъо || pʃaːχʷa || пшахъуэ || || |
|||
|} |
|||
*Proto-Circassian aspirated кʰу [kʰʷ] survived in [[Bzhedug Adyghe dialect|Bzhedug]] and in other Circassian dialects it became plain ку {{IPAblink|ʷ|kʷ}}. |
|||
{| class="IPA wikitable" border="1" text-align="right" |
|||
! rowspan="3"| Word |
|||
! rowspan="2" colspan="2"| Proto-Circassian |
|||
! colspan="4"| [[Adyghe language|Adyghe]] |
|||
! rowspan="2" colspan="2"| [[Kabardian language|Kabardian]] |
|||
|- |
|||
! colspan="2"| [[Bzhedug Adyghe dialect|Bzhedug]] |
|||
! colspan="2"| [[Temirgoy]], [[Abzakh Adyghe dialect|Abzakh]] and [[Shapsug Adyghe dialect|Shapsug]] |
|||
|- |
|||
! IPA |
|||
! Cyrillic |
|||
! IPA |
|||
! Cyrillic |
|||
! IPA |
|||
! Cyrillic |
|||
! IPA |
|||
! Cyrillic |
|||
|- |
|||
| middle || kʰʷə || кʰу ||kʰʷə || кʰу || kʷə || ку || kʷə || ку |
|||
|- |
|||
| thigh || kʰʷa || кʰо || kʰʷa || кʰо || kʷa || ко || kʷa || куэ |
|||
|} |
|||
====Tense consonants==== |
|||
* Proto-Circassian [[plain consonant|plain]] [[voiceless alveolar stop]] т {{IPAblink|t}} become voiced д {{IPAblink|d}} in the Kabardian dialect. |
|||
{| class="IPA wikitable" border="1" text-align="right" |
|||
! rowspan="3"| Word |
|||
! rowspan="2" colspan="2"| Proto-Circassian |
|||
! colspan="4"| [[Adyghe language|Adyghe]] |
|||
! rowspan="2" colspan="2"| [[Kabardian language|Kabardian]] |
|||
|- |
|||
! colspan="2"| [[Temirgoy]], [[Abzakh Adyghe dialect|Abzakh]] and [[Bzhedug Adyghe dialect|Bzhedug]] |
|||
! colspan="2"| [[Shapsug Adyghe dialect|Shapsug]] |
|||
|- |
|||
! IPA |
|||
! Cyrillic |
|||
! IPA |
|||
! Cyrillic |
|||
! IPA |
|||
! Cyrillic |
|||
! IPA |
|||
! Cyrillic |
|||
|- |
|||
| we || ta || тэ || ta || тэ || ta || тэ || da || дэ |
|||
|- |
|||
| shoulder || taːma || тамэ || taːma || тамэ || taːma || тамэ || daːma || дамэ |
|||
|- |
|||
| sun || təʁa || тыгъэ || təʁa || тыгъэ || təʁa || тыгъэ || dəʁa || дыгъэ |
|||
|- |
|||
| Kabardian || qabartaːj || къэбэртай || qabartaːj || къэбэртай || qabartaːj || къэбэртай || qabardej || къэбэрдей |
|||
|- |
|||
| leader || tʰħamaːta || тʰхьэматэ || tħamaːta || тхьэматэ || tħamaːta || тхьэматэ || tħamaːda || тхьэмадэ |
|||
|- |
|||
| garden || xaːta || хатэ || xaːta || хатэ || xaːta || хатэ || xaːda || хадэ |
|||
|- |
|||
| rooster, cock || ataːqa || атакъэ || ataːqa || атакъэ || атакъэ || ataːqa || adaːqa || адакъэ |
|||
|- |
|||
| duck || pʰsəkʲat || псыкьэт || psət͡ʃat || псычэт || psəkʲat || псыкьэт|| psəd͡ʒad || псыджэд |
|||
|- |
|||
| silver || təʑən || тыжьын || təʑənə || тыжьыны || təʑən || тыжьын || dəʑən || дыжьын |
|||
|- |
|||
| yesterday || təʁʷaːsa || тыгъуасэ || təʁʷaːsa || тыгъуасэ || təʁʷaːsa || тыгъуасэ || dəʁʷaːsa || дыгъуасэ |
|||
|- |
|||
| wolf || təʁʷəʐ || тыгъужъ ||təʁʷəʐ || тыгъужъ|| təʁʷəʐ || тыгъужъ || dəʁʷəʑ || дыгъужъ |
|||
|- |
|||
| chicken || kʲat || кьэт || t͡ʃat || чэт || kʲat || кьэт || d͡ʒad || джэд |
|||
|- |
|||
| cat || kʲatəw || кьэтыу || t͡ʃatəw || чэтыу || kʲatəw || кьэтыу || d͡ʒadəw || джэдыу |
|||
|- |
|||
| hard || pəta || пытэ || pəta || пытэ || pəta || пытэ || bəda || быдэ |
|||
|} |
|||
* Proto-Circassian [[plain consonant|plain]] [[voiceless bilabial stop]] п {{IPAblink|p}} become voiced б {{IPAblink|b}} in the Kabardian dialect. |
|||
{| class="IPA wikitable" border="1" text-align="right" |
|||
! rowspan="3"| Word |
|||
! rowspan="2" colspan="2"| Proto-Circassian |
|||
! colspan="4"| [[Adyghe language|Adyghe]] |
|||
! rowspan="2" colspan="2"| [[Kabardian language|Kabardian]] |
|||
|- |
|||
! colspan="2"| [[Temirgoy]] and [[Bzhedug Adyghe dialect|Bzhedug]] |
|||
! colspan="2"| [[Shapsug Adyghe dialect|Shapsug]] |
|||
|- |
|||
! IPA |
|||
! Cyrillic |
|||
! IPA |
|||
! Cyrillic |
|||
! IPA |
|||
! Cyrillic |
|||
! IPA |
|||
! Cyrillic |
|||
|- |
|||
| glass || ʔaːpkʲ || апкь || ʔaːpt͡ʃ || апч || ʔaːpkʲ || апкь || абдж || ʔaːbd͡ʒ |
|||
|- |
|||
| today || nəjapa || ныепэ || najpa || непэ|| napa || нэпэ || nawba || нобэ |
|||
|- |
|||
| thorn || paːna || панэ || paːna || панэ || ? || ? || baːna || банэ |
|||
|- |
|||
| hard || pəta || пытэ || pəta || пытэ || pəta || пытэ || bəda || быдэ |
|||
|- |
|||
| goat || pt͡ʃan || пчэн || pt͡ʃanə || пчэны || pt͡ʃan || пчэн || bʒan || бжэн |
|||
|- |
|||
| enemy || pəj || пый || pəj || пый || pəj || пый || bəj || бий |
|||
|- |
|||
| to count || pt͡ʂən || пчъын || pt͡ʂən || пчъын || pt͡ɕən || пчьын || bʒən || бжын |
|||
|} |
|||
* Proto-Circassian [[plain consonant|plain]] [[voiceless alveolar affricate]] ц [t͡s] become voiced дз {{IPAblink|d͡z}} in the Kabardian dialect. |
|||
{| class="IPA wikitable" border="1" text-align="right" |
|||
! rowspan="2"| Word |
|||
! colspan="2"| Proto-Circassian |
|||
! colspan="2"| [[Adyghe language|Adyghe]] |
|||
! colspan="2"| [[Kabardian language|Kabardian]] |
|||
|- |
|||
! IPA |
|||
! Cyrillic |
|||
! IPA |
|||
! Cyrillic |
|||
! IPA |
|||
! Cyrillic |
|||
|- |
|||
| tooth || t͡sa || цэ || t͡sa || цэ || d͡za || дзэ |
|||
|- |
|||
| mouse || t͡səʁʷa || цыгъо || t͡səʁʷa || цыгъо || d͡zəʁʷa || дзыгъуэ |
|||
|- |
|||
| fish || pt͡saʐəja || пцэжъые || pt͡saʐəja || пцэжъые || bd͡zaʑəj || бдзэжьей |
|||
|- |
|||
| grass || wət͡sə || уцы || wət͡sə || уцы || wəd͡zə || удзы |
|||
|- |
|||
| green || wət͡səsʷa || уцысуэ || wət͡səɕʷa || уцышъо || wəd͡zəfa || удзыфэ |
|||
|} |
|||
*Proto-Circassian [[voiceless palato-alveolar affricate]] ч [t͡ʃ] become щ {{IPAblink|ɕ}} in the Abzakh dialect and ж {{IPAblink|ʒ}} in the Kabardian dialect.<ref name""=>[http://adygeya-republic.info/adyghe-language/detalno/foneticheskie-izmenenija-soglasnykh/spirantizacija-affrikat/ Спирантизация аффрикат]</ref> |
|||
{| class="IPA wikitable" border="1" text-align="right" |
|||
! rowspan="3"| Word |
|||
! rowspan="2" colspan="2"| Proto-Circassian |
|||
! colspan="4"| [[Adyghe language|Adyghe]] |
|||
! rowspan="2" colspan="2"| [[Kabardian language|Kabardian]] |
|||
|- |
|||
! colspan="2"| [[Temirgoy]], [[Shapsug Adyghe dialect|Shapsug]] and [[Bzhedug Adyghe dialect|Bzhedug]] |
|||
! colspan="2"| [[Abzakh Adyghe dialect|Abzakh]] |
|||
|- |
|||
! IPA |
|||
! Cyrillic |
|||
! IPA |
|||
! Cyrillic |
|||
! IPA |
|||
! Cyrillic |
|||
! IPA |
|||
! Cyrillic |
|||
|- |
|||
| cow || t͡ʃam || чэм || t͡ʃamə || чэмы || ɕam || щэм || ʒam || жэм |
|||
|- |
|||
| spear || pt͡ʃə || пчы || pt͡ʃə || пчы || pɕə || пщы || bʒə || бжы |
|||
|- |
|||
| goat || pt͡ʃan || пчэн || pt͡ʃanə || пчэны || pɕanə || пщэны || bʒan || бжэн |
|||
|- |
|||
| village || t͡ʃəɮa || чылэ || t͡ʃəɮa || чылэ || ɕəla || щылэ || ʒəɮa || жылэ |
|||
|- |
|||
| night || t͡ʃaɕ || чэщ || t͡ʃaɕ || чэщ || ɕaɕə || щэщы || ʒaɕ || жэщ |
|||
|} |
|||
Proto-Circassian plain [[voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate]] ч [t͡ɕ] also become чъ {{IPAblink|t͡ʂ}} in the Temirgoy and Bzhedug dialect, ш {{IPAblink|ʃ}} in the Abzakh dialect but ж {{IPAblink|ʒ}} in the Kabardian dialect.<ref name""=>[http://adygeya-republic.info/adyghe-language/detalno/foneticheskie-izmenenija-soglasnykh/spirantizacija-affrikat/ Спирантизация аффрикат]</ref> |
|||
{| class="IPA wikitable" border="1" text-align="right" |
|||
! rowspan="3"| Word |
|||
! rowspan="2" colspan="2"| Proto-Circassian |
|||
! colspan="8"| [[Adyghe language|Adyghe]] |
|||
! rowspan="2" colspan="2"| [[Kabardian language|Kabardian]] |
|||
|- |
|||
! colspan="2"| [[Bzhedug Adyghe dialect|Bzhedug]] |
|||
! colspan="2"| [[Temirgoy]] |
|||
! colspan="2"| [[Abzakh Adyghe dialect|Abzakh]] |
|||
! colspan="2"| [[Shapsug Adyghe dialect|Shapsug]] |
|||
|- |
|||
! IPA |
|||
! Cyrillic |
|||
! IPA |
|||
! Cyrillic |
|||
! IPA |
|||
! Cyrillic |
|||
! IPA |
|||
! Cyrillic |
|||
! IPA |
|||
! Cyrillic |
|||
! IPA |
|||
! Cyrillic |
|||
|- |
|||
| to run || t͡ɕan || чьэн || t͡ʂan || чъэн || t͡ʂan || чъэн || ʃan || шэн || t͡ɕan || чьэн || ʒan || жэн |
|||
|} |
|||
*Proto-Circassian plain [[voiceless retroflex affricate]] чъ [t͡ʂ] become чь {{IPAblink|t͡ɕ}} in Shapsug and Abzakh, ж {{IPAblink|ʒ}} in the Kabardian and дж {{IPAblink|d͡ʒ}} in the [[Besleney#Language|Baslaney dialect]]. |
|||
{| class="IPA wikitable" border="1" text-align="right" |
|||
! rowspan="3"| Word |
|||
! rowspan="2" colspan="2"| Proto-Circassian |
|||
! colspan="6"| [[Adyghe language|Adyghe]] |
|||
! rowspan="2" colspan="2"| [[Kabardian language|Kabardian]] |
|||
! rowspan="2" colspan="2"| [[Besleney#Language|Baslaney]] |
|||
|- |
|||
! colspan="2"| [[Bzhedug Adyghe dialect|Bzhedug]] |
|||
! colspan="2"| [[Temirgoy]] |
|||
! colspan="2"| [[Abzakh Adyghe dialect|Abzakh]] and [[Shapsug Adyghe dialect|Shapsug]] |
|||
|- |
|||
! IPA |
|||
! Cyrillic |
|||
! IPA |
|||
! Cyrillic |
|||
! IPA |
|||
! Cyrillic |
|||
! IPA |
|||
! Cyrillic |
|||
! IPA |
|||
! Cyrillic |
|||
! IPA |
|||
! Cyrillic |
|||
|- |
|||
| tree || t͡ʂəɣə || чъыгы || t͡ʂəɣə || чъыгы || t͡ʂəɡə || чъыгы || t͡ɕəɣ || чьыг || ʒəɣ || жыг || d͡ʒəɣ || джьыг |
|||
|} |
|||
*Proto-Circassian plain ку [kʷ] became voiced гу [ɡʷ] in the Kabardian dialects : |
|||
{| class="IPA wikitable" border="1" text-align="right" |
|||
! rowspan="2"| Word |
|||
! colspan="2"| Proto-Circassian |
|||
! colspan="2"| [[Adyghe language|Adyghe]] |
|||
! colspan="2"| [[Shapsug Adyghe dialect|Shapsug]] |
|||
! colspan="2"| [[Kabardian language|Kabardian]] |
|||
|- |
|||
! IPA |
|||
! Cyrillic |
|||
! IPA |
|||
! Cyrillic |
|||
! IPA |
|||
! Cyrillic |
|||
! IPA |
|||
! Cyrillic |
|||
|- |
|||
| twig || ? || ? || kʷaːma || куамэ || ? || ? || ɡʷaːna || гуанэ |
|||
|- |
|||
| group || kʷarta || кортэ || kʷart || корт || ? || ? || ɡʷarta || гуэрт |
|||
|- |
|||
| pitchfork || kʷaːχʷa || куахъо || kʷaːχʷa || куахъо || kʷaːχʷa || куахъо || ɡʷarta || гуахъуэ |
|||
|- |
|||
| wheat || kʷat͡s || коц || kʷat͡sə || коцы || kʷat͡s || коц || ɡʷad͡z || гуэдз |
|||
|- |
|||
| short || kʲʼaːkʷa || кӏьако || t͡ʃʼaːkʷa || кӏако || kʲʼaːkʷa || кӏьако || t͡ʃʼaːɡʷa || кӏагуэ |
|||
|} |
|||
===Other noticeable changes=== |
|||
* Proto-Circassian [[palato-alveolar ejective affricate]] кӏ [tʃʼ] become a palatalized [[glottal stop]] ӏь [ʔʲ] in the Abzakh dialect and an [[alveolo-palatal ejective fricative]] щӏ [ɕʼ] in the Kabardain dialect.<ref name""=>[http://adygeya-republic.info/adyghe-language/detalno/soglasnye-bukvy/smychnye-soglasnye/perednejazychnye-mjagkie-shipjashchie-affrikaty-dzh-ch-k1/ Переднеязычные мягкие шипящие аффрикаты дж, ч, к1]</ref> |
|||
{| class="IPA wikitable" border="1" text-align="right" |
|||
! rowspan="3"| Word |
|||
! rowspan="2" colspan="2"| Proto-Circassian |
|||
! colspan="4"| [[Adyghe language|Adyghe]] |
|||
! rowspan="2" colspan="2"| [[Kabardian language|Kabardian]] |
|||
! rowspan="2" colspan="2"| [[Besleney#Language|Baslaney]] |
|||
|- |
|||
! colspan="2"| [[Temirgoy]], [[Shapsug Adyghe dialect|Shapsug]] and [[Bzhedug Adyghe dialect|Bzhedug]] |
|||
! colspan="2"| [[Abzakh Adyghe dialect|Abzakh]] |
|||
|- |
|||
! IPA |
|||
! Cyrillic |
|||
! IPA |
|||
! Cyrillic |
|||
! IPA |
|||
! Cyrillic |
|||
! IPA |
|||
! Cyrillic |
|||
! IPA |
|||
! Cyrillic |
|||
|- |
|||
| young man, boy || t͡ʃʼaːɮa || кӏалэ || t͡ʃʼaːɮa || кӏалэ || ʔʲaːla || ӏьалэ || ɕʼaːɮa || щӏалэ || t͡ʃʼaːla || кӏалэ |
|||
|- |
|||
| guest || ħaːt͡ʃʼa || хьакӏэ || ħaːt͡ʃʼa || хьакӏэ || ħaːʔʲa || хьаӏьэ || ħaːɕʼa || хьащӏэ || ħaːt͡ʃʼa || хьакӏэ |
|||
|- |
|||
| few || maːt͡ʃʼa || макӏэ || maːt͡ʃʼa || макӏэ || maːʔʲa || маӏьэ || maːɕʼa || мащӏэ || maːt͡ʃʼa || макӏэ |
|||
|- |
|||
| to regret || t͡ʃʼaʁʷaʑən || кӏэгъожьын || t͡ʃʼaʁʷaʑən || кӏэгъожьын || ʔʲaʁʷaʑən || ӏьэгъожьын ||ɕʼaʁʷaʒən || щӏэгъуэжын || t͡ʃʼaʁʷaʑən || кӏэгъуэжьын |
|||
|- |
|||
| stands under || t͡ʃʼat || чӏэт || t͡ʃʼat || чӏэт || ʔʲat|| ӏьэт || ɕʼat || щӏэт || t͡ʃʼat || кӏэт |
|||
|- |
|||
| sits under || t͡ʃʼas || чӏэс || t͡ʃʼas || чӏэс || ʔʲas || ӏьэс || ɕʼas|| щӏэс || t͡ʃʼas || кӏэс |
|||
|- |
|||
| lies under || t͡ʃʼaɬ || чӏэлъ || t͡ʃʼaɬ || чӏэлъ || ʔʲaɬ || ӏьэлъ || ɕʼaɬ || щӏэлъ || t͡ʃʼaɬ || кӏэлъ |
|||
|- |
|||
| to ask || t͡ʃʼawpt͡ʃʼan || кӏэупчӏэн ||t͡ʃʼawpt͡ʃʼan || кӏэупчӏэн || ʔʲawpt͡ʃʼan || ӏьэупчӏэн || ɕʼawpt͡ʃʼan || щӏэупкӏэн || t͡ʃʼawpt͡ʃʼan || кӏэупчӏэн |
|||
|- |
|||
| fast || psənt͡ʃʼa || псынкӏэ || psənt͡ʃʼa || псынкӏэ || ? || ? || psənɕʼa || псынщӏэ || psənt͡ʃʼa || псынкӏэ |
|||
|} |
|||
*Proto-Circassian дж {{IPAblink|d͡ʒ}} survived in the Adyghe diaelcts, but became ж {{IPAblink|ʒ}} in the Kabardian dialect. Proto-Circassian джь {{IPAblink|d͡ʑ}} became дж {{IPAblink|d͡ʒ}} in Adyghe and жь {{IPAblink|ʑ}} in Kabardian. The дж {{IPAblink|d͡ʒ}} in Kabardian derives from Proto-Circassian plain кь {{IPAblink|k|kʲ}} and гь {{IPAblink|ɡ|ɡʲ}}. |
|||
{| class="IPA wikitable" border="1" text-align="right" |
|||
! rowspan="2"| Word |
|||
! colspan="2"| Proto-Circassian |
|||
! colspan="2"| [[Adyghe language|Adyghe]] |
|||
! colspan="2"| [[Kabardian language|Kabardian]] |
|||
|- |
|||
! IPA |
|||
! Cyrillic |
|||
! IPA |
|||
! Cyrillic |
|||
! IPA |
|||
! Cyrillic |
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|- |
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| friend || nəbd͡ʑaʁʷ || ныбджьэгъу || nəbd͡ʒaʁʷ || ныбджэгъу || nəbʑaʁʷ || ныбжьэгъу |
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|- |
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| fox || baːd͡ʒa || баджэ || baːd͡ʒa || баджэ || baːʒa || бажэ |
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|- |
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| arch, bridge || ɬaməd͡ʒ || лъэмыдж || ɬaməd͡ʒ || лъэмыдж || ɬaməʒ || лъэмыж |
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|- |
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| flour || ħad͡ʒəʁa || хьэджыгъэ || ħaːd͡ʒəʁa || хьаджыгъэ || ħaʒəʁa || хьэжыгъэ |
|||
|- |
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| knee || ɬaɡʷaːnd͡ʒa || лъэгуанджэ || ɬaɡʷaːnd͡ʒa || лъэгуанджэ || ɬaɡʷaːnʒa || лъэгуанжэ |
|||
|- |
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| village|| qʷaːd͡ʒa || къуаджэ || qʷaːd͡ʒa || къуаджэ || qʷaːʒa || къуажэ |
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|} |
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*Proto-Circassian palatalized [[voiceless uvular fricative]] хъь [χʲ] become хь {{IPAblink|ħ}} in most Adyghe dialects and in some Kabardian dialects it became to хъ {{IPAblink|χ}}. |
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{| class="IPA wikitable" border="1" text-align="right" |
|||
! rowspan="2"| Word |
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! colspan="2"| Proto-Circassian |
|||
! colspan="2"| [[Adyghe language|Adyghe]] |
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! colspan="2"| [[Kabardian language|Kabardian]] |
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|- |
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! IPA |
|||
! Cyrillic |
|||
! IPA |
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! Cyrillic |
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! IPA |
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! Cyrillic |
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|- |
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| more || naχʲ || нэхъь || naːħ || нахь || naχ || нэхъ |
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|- |
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| older brother || ʃənaχʲəʐ || шынэхъьыжъ || ʃənaħəʐ || шынахьыжъ || ʃənaχəʑ || шынэхъыжь |
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|- |
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| younger brother || ʃənaχʲət͡ʃʼ || шынэхъьыкӏ || ʃənaħət͡ʃ || шынахьыкӏ || ʃənaχəɕʼ || шынэхъыщӏ |
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|} |
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==Grammar== |
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=== Noun instrumental case === |
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The suffix that was added for instrumental case nouns was -мгьэ (-mɡʲa) or -гьэ (-gʲa). In most western and eastern Circassian dialects it became -мкӏэ (-mt͡ʃa) or -кӏэ (-t͡ʃa) (e.g. [[Abzakh Adyghe dialect|Abzakh]], Temirgoy and literary Kabardian), while in some other dialects (e.g. Bzhedug) it became -мджэ (-md͡ʒa) or -джэ (-d͡ʒa). |
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For example: |
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{| class="wikitable" |
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|- |
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! rowspan=2| Meaning |
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! colspan=2| Proto-Circassian |
|||
! colspan=2| [[Shapsug Adyghe dialect|Shapsug]] |
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! colspan=2| Most dialects |
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! colspan=2| [[Bzhedug Adyghe dialect|Bzhedug]] |
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|- |
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!Cyrillic |
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!IPA |
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!Cyrillic |
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!IPA |
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!Cyrillic |
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!IPA |
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!Cyrillic |
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!IPA |
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|- |
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! (using) Adyghe language |
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| адыгэбзэгьэ |
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| aːdəɣabzagʲa |
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| адыгэбзэгьэ |
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| aːdəɣabzagʲa |
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| адыгэбзэкӀэ |
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| aːdəɣabzat͡ʃa |
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| адыгэбзэджэ |
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| aːdəɣabzad͡ʒa |
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|- |
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! with (using) the pencil |
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| къэлэмымгьэ |
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| qalaməmgʲa |
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| къэлэмымгьэ |
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| qalaməmgʲa |
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| къэлэмымкIэ |
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| qalaməmt͡ʃa |
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| къэлэмымджэ |
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| qalaməmd͡ʒa |
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|} |
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===Numbers=== |
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{| class="IPA wikitable" border="1" text-align="right" |
|||
! rowspan="3"| English |
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! rowspan="2" colspan="2"| Proto-Circassian |
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! rowspan="2" colspan="2"| [[Ubykh language|Ubykh]] |
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! colspan="4"| [[Adyghe language|Adyghe]] |
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! rowspan="2" colspan="2"| [[Kabardian language|Kabardian]] |
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! rowspan="2" colspan="2"| [[Besleney#Language|Baslaney]] |
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|- |
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! colspan="2"| [[Temirgoy]] and [[Bzhedug Adyghe dialect|Bzhedug]] |
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! colspan="2"| [[Shapsug Adyghe dialect|Shapsug]] and [[Abzakh Adyghe dialect|Abzakh]] |
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|- |
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! IPA |
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! Cyrillic |
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! IPA |
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! Cyrillic |
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! IPA |
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! Cyrillic |
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! IPA |
|||
! Cyrillic |
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! IPA |
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! Cyrillic |
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! IPA |
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! Cyrillic |
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|- |
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| One || zə || зы || za || зэ || zə || зы || zə || зы || zə || зы || zə || зы |
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|- |
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| Two || tʷʼə || тӏу || tʼqʷʼa || ткъӏуа || tʷʼə || тӏу || tʷʼə || тӏу || tʼəw || тӏу || ? || тӏу |
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|- |
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| Three || ɕə || щы || ʂa || шъа || ɕə || щы ||ɕə || щы || ɕə || щы || ɕə || щы |
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|- |
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| Four || pt͡ɬʼə || птлӏы || pʼɬʼə || плӏы || pɬʼə || плӏы || pɬʼə || плӏы || pɬʼə || плӏы || pt͡ɬʼə || птлӏы |
|||
|- |
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| Five || txʷə || тху || ɕxə || щхы || tfə || тфы || tfə || тфы || txʷə || тху || txʷə || тху |
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|- |
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| Six || xə || хы || fə || фы || xə || хы || xə || хы || xə || хы || xə || хы |
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|- |
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| Seven || bɮə || блы || blə || бльы || bɮə || блы || blə || бльы || bɮə || блы || blə || бльы |
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|- |
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| Eight || jə || и || ʁʷa || гъуа || jə || и || jə || и || jə || и || jə || и |
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|- |
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| Nine || bʁʷə || бгъу || bʁʲə || бгъьу || bʁʷə || бгъу || bʁʷə || бгъу || bʁʷə || бгъу || bʁʷə || бгъу |
|||
|- |
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| Ten || pʃʼə || пшӏы || ʑʷə || жъуы || pʃʼə || пшӏы || pʃʼə || пшӏы || pɕʼə || пщӏы || pʃʼə || пшӏы |
|||
|} |
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==See also== |
|||
* [[Proto Abkhaz-Abaza]] |
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* [[Proto-Northwest Caucasian language]] |
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==References== |
==References== |
||
1,271 сатырыр | 498 сатырыр | ||
*STAROSTIN, Sergei A.; NIKOLAYEV, Sergei L. (1994). A North Caucasian Etymological Dictionary: [http://starling.rinet.ru/Texts/caucpref.pdf Preface]. |
*STAROSTIN, Sergei A.; NIKOLAYEV, Sergei L. (1994). A North Caucasian Etymological Dictionary: [http://starling.rinet.ru/Texts/caucpref.pdf Preface]. |
||
[[Категориэ:Адыгэбзэр]] |
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[[Category:Proto-languages|Circassian]] |
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[[Category:Northwest Caucasian languages]] |
16:38, 22 Жэпуэгъуэ 2015 версие
Адыгэбзэжъэр йэ Прото-Адыгэбзэр (ин-бз. Proto-Circassian language) Адыгэхэмэ я бзэжъэр. кӀах псэлъэкӀэмрэ Къэбэрдей псэлъэкӀэмрэ я адэ бзэр.
Фонология
Согласныехэр
Адыгэхэбзэжъэ | Cyrillic | КӀахыбзэ | Къэбэрдеибзэ | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Бжъэдыгъубзэ | КӀэмыгуябзэ | Абдзахэбзэ | Шапсыгъэбзэ | Къэбэрдеибзэ | Бэслъыныйбзэ | |||||
Aspirated consonants |
*pʰ | пʰ | pʰ ⟨п⟩ | p ⟨п⟩ | p ⟨п⟩ | |||||
*tʰ | тʰ | tʰ ⟨тʰ⟩ | t ⟨т⟩ | t ⟨т⟩ | ||||||
*t͡sʰ | цʰ | t͡sʰ ⟨цʰ⟩ | t͡s ⟨ц⟩ | t͡s ⟨ц⟩ | ||||||
*t͡sʰʷ | цʰу | t͡ɕʰʷ ⟨чъʰу⟩ | t͡sʷ ⟨цу⟩ | t͡ɕʷ ⟨чъу⟩ | f ⟨f⟩ | |||||
*t͡ɕʰ | чьʰ | t͡ʂʰ ⟨чъʰ⟩ | t͡ʂ ⟨чъ⟩ | ʃ ⟨ш⟩ | t͡ɕ ⟨чь⟩ | ɕʼ ⟨щӏ⟩ | ||||
*t͡ʂʰ | чъʰ | ʂʰ ⟨шъʰ⟩ | ʂ ⟨шъ⟩ | ʃ ⟨ш⟩ | ||||||
*t͡ʃʰ | чʰ | ʃʰ ⟨шʰ⟩ | ʃ ⟨ш⟩ | ʃ ⟨ш⟩ | t͡ɕ ⟨чь⟩ | |||||
*ʃʰ | шʰ | ʃʰ ⟨шʰ⟩ | ɕ ⟨щ⟩ | ʃ ⟨ш⟩ | ||||||
*ʂʰ | шъʰ | ʂʰ ⟨шъʰ⟩ | ʂ ⟨шъ⟩ | ɕ ⟨щ⟩ | ||||||
*kʰʲ | кьʰ | t͡ʃʰ ⟨чʰ⟩ | t͡ʃ ⟨ч⟩ | kʲ ⟨кь⟩ | t͡ʃ ⟨ч⟩ | kʲ ⟨кь⟩ | ||||
*kʰʷ | кʰу | kʰʷ ⟨кʰу⟩ | kʷ ⟨ку⟩ | kʷ ⟨ку⟩ | ||||||
*qʰ | къʰ | qʰ ⟨къʰ⟩ | q ⟨къ⟩ | χ ⟨хъ⟩ | q͡χ ⟨кхъ⟩ | |||||
*qʰʷ | къʰу | qʰʷ ⟨къʰу⟩ | q ⟨къ⟩ | χʷ ⟨хъу⟩ | q͡χʷ ⟨кхъу⟩ | |||||
Geminate stops and affricates |
*p | п | p ⟨п⟩ | b ⟨б⟩ | ||||||
*t | т | t ⟨т⟩ | d ⟨д⟩ | |||||||
*t͡s | ц | t͡s ⟨ц⟩ | d͡z ⟨дз⟩ | |||||||
*t͡sʷ | цу | t͡ɕʷ ⟨чъу⟩ | t͡sʷ ⟨цу⟩ | t͡ɕʷ ⟨чъу⟩ | v ⟨в⟩ | |||||
*t͡ʂ | чъ | t͡ʂ ⟨чъ⟩ | t͡ɕ ⟨чь⟩ | ʒ ⟨ж⟩ | d͡ʒ ⟨дж⟩ | |||||
*t͡ʃ | ч | t͡ʃ ⟨ч⟩ | ɕ ⟨щ⟩ | t͡ʃ ⟨ч⟩ | ʒ ⟨ж⟩ | |||||
*t͡ɕ | чь | t͡ʂ ⟨чъ⟩ | ʃ ⟨ш⟩ | t͡ɕ ⟨чь⟩ | ʒ ⟨ж⟩ | |||||
*kʲ | кь | t͡ʃ ⟨ч⟩ | kʲ ⟨кь⟩ | d͡ʒ ⟨дж⟩ | kʲ ⟨кь⟩ | |||||
*kʷ | ку | kʷ ⟨ку⟩ | ɡʷ ⟨гу⟩ | |||||||
*q | къ | q ⟨къ⟩ | q ⟨къ⟩ | |||||||
*qʷ | къу | qʷ ⟨къу⟩ | qʷ ⟨къу⟩ | |||||||
*ʔ | ӏ or къӏ | ʔ ⟨ӏ⟩ | ʔ ⟨ӏ⟩ | |||||||
*ʔʷ | ӏу or къӏу | ʔʷ ⟨ӏу⟩ | ʔʷ ⟨ӏу⟩ | |||||||
Geminate voiced stops and affricates |
*b | б | b ⟨б⟩ | b ⟨б⟩ | ||||||
*d | д | d ⟨д⟩ | d ⟨д⟩ | |||||||
*d͡ɮ | дл | ɣ ⟨г⟩ | ʒ ⟨ж⟩ | |||||||
*d͡z | дз | d͡z ⟨дз⟩ | d͡z ⟨дз⟩ | |||||||
*d͡zʷ | дзу | ʑʷ ⟨жъу⟩ | d͡zʷ ⟨дзу⟩ | ʑʷ ⟨жъу⟩ | v ⟨в⟩ | |||||
*d͡ʑ | джь | d͡ʒ ⟨дж⟩ | ʑ ⟨жь⟩ | |||||||
*d͡ʒ | дж | d͡ʒ ⟨дж⟩ | ʒ ⟨ж⟩ | |||||||
*ɡʲ | гь | d͡ʒ ⟨дж⟩ | ɡʲ ⟨гь⟩ | d͡ʒ ⟨дж⟩ | ɡʲ ⟨гь⟩ | |||||
*ɡʷ | гу | ɡʷ ⟨гу⟩ | ɡʷ ⟨гу⟩ | |||||||
Ejective stops and affricates |
*pʼ | пӏ | pʼ ⟨пӏ⟩ | pʼ ⟨пӏ⟩ | ||||||
*pʷʼ | пӏу | pʷʼ ⟨пӏу⟩ | pʼ ⟨пӏ⟩ | pʼ ⟨пӏ⟩ | ||||||
*tʼ | тӏ | tʼ ⟨тӏ⟩ | tʼ ⟨тӏ⟩ | |||||||
*tʷʼ | тӏу | tʷʼ ⟨тӏу⟩ | tʼ ⟨тӏ⟩ | |||||||
*t͡sʼ | цӏ | t͡sʼ ⟨цӏ⟩ | t͡sʼ ⟨цӏ⟩ / sʼ ⟨сӏ⟩ | t͡sʼ ⟨цӏ⟩ | ||||||
*t͡sʷʼ / sʷʼ | цӏу or сӏу | ɕʷʼ ⟨шӏу⟩ | fʼ ⟨фӏ⟩ | |||||||
*t͡ʃʼ | кӏ | t͡ʃʼ ⟨кӏ⟩ | ʔʲ ⟨ӏь⟩ / tʃʼ ⟨кӏ⟩ | tʃʼ ⟨кӏ⟩ | ɕʼ ⟨щӏ⟩ | t͡ʃʼ ⟨кӏ⟩ | ||||
*t͡ɕʼ | чьӏ | ʃʼ ⟨шӏ⟩ | ɕʼ ⟨щӏ⟩ | |||||||
*t͡ʂʼ | чӏ | t͡ʂʼ ⟨чӏ⟩ | ɕʼ ⟨щӏ⟩ | |||||||
*t͡ɬʼ | тлӏ | ɬʼ ⟨лӏ⟩ | ɬʼ ⟨лӏ⟩ | t͡ɬʼ ⟨тлӏ⟩ | ||||||
*kʲʼ | кӏь | t͡ʃʼ ⟨кӏ⟩ | kʲʼ ⟨кӏь⟩ | t͡ʃʼ ⟨кӏ⟩ | kʲʼ ⟨кӏь⟩ | |||||
*kʷʼ | кӏу | kʷʼ ⟨кӏу⟩ | kʷʼ ⟨кӏу⟩ | |||||||
Voiceless fricatives |
*ɬ | лъ | ɬ ⟨лъ⟩ | ɬ ⟨лъ⟩ | ||||||
*s | с | s ⟨с⟩ | s ⟨с⟩ | |||||||
*sʷ | су | ɕʷ ⟨шъу⟩ | f ⟨ф⟩ | |||||||
*ʃ | ш | ʃ ⟨ш⟩ | ɕ ⟨щ⟩ | |||||||
*ʂ | шъ | ʂ ⟨шъ⟩ | ɕ ⟨щ⟩ | |||||||
*ɕ | щ | ɕ ⟨щ⟩ | ɕ ⟨щ⟩ | |||||||
*x | х | x ⟨х⟩ | x ⟨х⟩ | |||||||
*xʷ | ху | f ⟨ф⟩ | xʷ ⟨ху⟩ | |||||||
*χ | хъ | χ ⟨хъ⟩ | χ ⟨хъ⟩ | |||||||
*χʷ | хъу | χʷ ⟨хъу⟩ | χʷ ⟨хъу⟩ | |||||||
*χʲ | хъь | ħ ⟨хь⟩ | χ ⟨хъ⟩ | ħ ⟨хь⟩ | ||||||
*ħ | хь | ħ ⟨хь⟩ | ħ ⟨хь⟩ | |||||||
Voiced fricatives |
*ɮ | л | l~ɮ ⟨ль~л⟩ | ɮ ⟨л⟩ | l ⟨ль⟩ | ɮ ⟨л⟩ | l ⟨ль⟩ | |||
*z | з | z ⟨з⟩ | z ⟨з⟩ | |||||||
*zʷ | зу | ʑʷ ⟨жъу⟩ | v ⟨в⟩ | |||||||
*ʒ | ж | ʒ ⟨ж⟩ | ʑ ⟨жь⟩ | |||||||
*ʐ | жъ | ʐ ⟨жъ⟩ | ʑ ⟨жь⟩ | |||||||
*ʑ | жь | ʑ ⟨жь⟩ | ʑ ⟨жь⟩ | |||||||
*ɣ | г | ɣ ⟨г⟩ | ɣ ⟨г⟩ | |||||||
*ɣʲ | г | ɣ ⟨г⟩ | ʑ ⟨жь⟩ | |||||||
*ʁ | гъ | ʁ ⟨гъ⟩ | ʁ ⟨гъ⟩ | |||||||
*ʁʷ | гъу | ʁʷ ⟨гъу⟩ | ʁʷ ⟨гъу⟩ | |||||||
Resonants | *m | м | m ⟨м⟩ | m ⟨м⟩ | ||||||
*n | н | n ⟨н⟩ | n ⟨н⟩ | |||||||
*r | р | r ⟨р⟩ | r ⟨р⟩ | |||||||
*j | й | j ⟨й⟩ | j ⟨й⟩ | |||||||
*w | у | w ⟨у⟩ | w ⟨у⟩ |
Palatovelar consonants
Адыгэбзэжъымкӏэ щыӏагъ гь [ɡʲ], аспирированный кьʰ [kʰʲ], кь [kʲ] ыкӏи кӏь [kʲʼ] хьарыфхэр. Шапсыгъэбзэмкӏи Бэслъыныйбзэкӏи щыӏэх гь [ɡʲ], кь [kʲ] ыкӏи кӏь [kʲʼ] хьарыфхэр.[1] Адгэ Адыгэбзэхэмкӏэ ахэр хъугъэх дж [d͡ʒ], ч [t͡ʃ] ыкӏи кӏ [t͡ʃʼ].[2][3] Адыгэбзэжъэ кь [kʲ] хъугъэ дж [d͡ʒ] къэбэрдейкӏэ (кь [kʲ] → ч [t͡ʃ] → дж [d͡ʒ]).
- Адыгэбзэжъэ аспирированный кьʰ [kʰʲ] хъугъэ аспирированный чʰ [t͡ʃʰ] Бжъэдыгъубзэкӏэ, кь [kʲ] Шапсыгъэбзэкӏэ ыкӏи ч [t͡ʃ] адрэ адыгэбзэхэмкӏэ :
Инджылыбзэ | Адыгэбзэжъэ | КӀахыбзэ | Къэбэрдеибзэ | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Бжъэдыгъубзэ | КӀэмыгуябзэ ыкӏи Абдзахэбзэ | Шапсыгъэбзэ | ||||||||
IPA | Cyrillic | IPA | Cyrillic | IPA | Cyrillic | IPA | Cyrillic | IPA | Cyrillic | |
spleen | kʰʲa | кьʰэ | t͡ʃʰa | чʰэ | t͡ʃa | чэ | kʲa | кьэ | t͡ʃa | чэ |
brushwood twig |
kʰʲə | кьʰы | t͡ʃʰə | чʰы | t͡ʃə | чы | kʲə | кьы | t͡ʃə | чы |
to cough | pskʰʲan | пскьʰэн | pst͡ʃʰan | псчʰэн | pst͡ʃan | псчэн | pskʲan | пскьэн | pst͡ʃan | псчэн |
- Адыгэбзэжъэ кь [kʲ] къэнагъ Шапсыгъэбзэмкӏэ. Адрэ КӀахыбзэхэмкӏэ хъугъэх ч [t͡ʃ], Къэбэдейбзэхэмккӏэ дж [d͡ʒ] :
Инджылыбзэ | Адыгэбзэжъэ | КӀахыбзэ | Къэбэрдеибзэ | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
КӀэмыгуябзэ ыкӏи Абдзахэбзэ | Шапсыгъэбзэ | |||||||
IPA | Cyrillic | IPA | Cyrillic | IPA | Cyrillic | IPA | Cyrillic | |
chicken | kʲatə | кьэты | t͡ʃatə | чэты | kʲat | кьэт | d͡ʒad | джэд |
cat | kʲatəw | кьэтыу | t͡ʃatəw | чэтыу | kʲatəw | кьэтыу | d͡ʒadəw | джэдыу |
glass | ʔaːpkʲ | апкь | ʔaːpt͡ʃ | апч | ʔaːpkʲ | апкь | ʔaːbd͡ʒ | абдж |
to spin | ʁakʲarazən | гъэкьэрэзын | ʁat͡ʃarazən | гъэчэрэзын | ʁakʲarazən | гъэкьэрэзын | ʁad͡ʒarazən | гъэджэрэзын |
cheerful | kʲaxʷə | кьэху | чэфы | t͡ʃafə | кьэфы | kʲafə | d͡ʒaxʷə | джэху |
- Адыгэбзэжъэ кӏь [kʲʼ] къэнагъ Шапсыгъэбзэмкӏэ. Адрэ Адыгэбзэхэмкӏэ хъугъэх кӏ [t͡ʃʼ] :
Инджылыбзэ | Адыгэбзэжъэ | КӀахыбзэ | Къэбэрдеибзэ | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
КӀэмыгуябзэ ыкӏи Абдзахэбзэ | Шапсыгъэбзэ | |||||||
IPA | Cyrillic | IPA | Cyrillic | IPA | Cyrillic | IPA | Cyrillic | |
egg | kʲʼankʲʼa | кӏьэнкӏьэ | t͡ʃʼant͡ʃʼa | кӏэнкӏэ | kʲʼaːkʲʼa | кӏьакӏьэ | t͡ʃʼant͡ʃʼa | кӏэнкӏэ |
gun | kʲʼaraːχʷa | кӏьэрахъо | t͡ʃʼaraːχʷa | кӏэрахъо | kʲʼaraːχʷa | кӏьэрахъо | t͡ʃʼaraːχʷa | кӏэрахъуэ |
long | kʲʼəħa | кӏьыхьэ | t͡ʃʼəħa | кӏыхьэ | kʲʼaħə | кӏьэхьы | t͡ʃʼəħ | кӏыхь |
short | kʲʼat͡ʃʼə | кӏьэкӏы | t͡ʃʼat͡ʃʼə | кӏэкӏы | t͡ʃʼat͡ʃʼə | кӏьэкӏы | t͡ʃʼaɕʼ | кӏэщӏ |
to kill | wkʲʼən | укӏьын | wt͡ʃʼən | укӏын | wkʲʼən | укӏьын | wt͡ʃʼən | укӏын |
rope | kʲʼaːpsa | кӏьапсэ | t͡ʃʼaːpsa | кӏапсэ | kʲʼaːpsa | кӏьапсэ | t͡ʃʼaːpsa | кӏапсэ |
key | ʔʷənkʲʼəbza | ӏункӏьыбзэ | ʔʷənt͡ʃʼəbza | ӏункӏыбзэ | ʔʷəkʲʼəbza | ӏукӏьыбзэ | ʔʷənt͡ʃʼəbza | ӏункӏыбзэ |
tail | kʲʼa | кӏьэ | t͡ʃʼa | кӏэ | kʲʼa | кӏьэ | t͡ʃʼa | кӏэ |
beard | ʒaːkʲʼa | жакӏьэ | ʒaːt͡ʃʼa | жакӏэ | ʒaːkʲʼa | жакӏьэ | ʑaːt͡ʃʼa | жьакӏэ |
Temirgoy | kʲʼaməɡʷəja | кӏьэмыгуе | t͡ʃʼaməɡʷəja | кӏэмыгуе | kʲʼaməɡʷəja | кӏьэмыгуе | t͡ʃʼaməɡʷəja | кӏэмыгуе |
- Адыгэбзэжъэ гь [ɡʲ] къэнагъ Шапсыгъэбзэмкӏэ. Адрэ Адыгэбзэхэмкӏэ хъугъэх дж [d͡ʒ] :
Инджылыбзэ | Адыгэбзэжъэ | КӀахыбзэ | Къэбэрдеибзэ | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
КӀэмыгуябзэ ыкӏи Абдзахэбзэ | Шапсыгъэбзэ | |||||||
IPA | Cyrillic | IPA | Cyrillic | IPA | Cyrillic | IPA | Cyrillic | |
dress/shirt | ɡʲaːna | гьанэ | d͡ʒaːna | джанэ | ɡʲaːna | гьанэ | d͡ʒaːna | джанэ |
to study to read to call |
jaɡʲan | егьэн | jad͡ʒan | еджэн | jaɡʲan | егьэн | jad͡ʒan | еджэн |
infidel | ɡʲaːwər | гьаур | d͡ʒaːwər | джаур | ɡʲaːwər | гьаур | d͡ʒaːwər | джаур |
to play | ɡʲagʷən | гьэгун | d͡ʒagʷən | джэгун | ɡʲagʷən | гьэгун | d͡ʒagʷən | джэгун |
game | ɡʲagʷ | гьэгу | d͡ʒagʷ | джэгу | ɡʲagʷ | гьэгу | d͡ʒagʷ | джэгу |
toy | ɡʲaɡʷaːɬa | гьэгуалъэ | d͡ʒagʷaːɬa | джэгуалъэ | ɡʲagʷaːɬa | гьэгуалъэ | d͡ʒagʷaːɬa | джэгуалъэ |
bitter | dəɡʲə | дыгьы | dəd͡ʒə | дыджы | dəɡʲə | дыгьы | dəd͡ʒ | дыдж |
pants | ʁʷanʃaɡʲ | гъоншэгь | ʁʷant͡ʃad͡ʒ | гъончэдж | ʁʷaʃaɡʲ | гъошэгь | ʁʷanʃad͡ʒ | гъоншэдж |
evil | bzaːɡʲa | бзагьэ | bzaːd͡ʒa | бзаджэ | bzaːɡʲa | бзагьэ | bzaːd͡ʒa | бзаджэ |
spider | baɡʲə | бэгьы | bad͡ʒə | бэджы | baːɡʲa | багьэ | bad͡ʒ | бэдж |
that's it | ɡʲaːrə | гьары | d͡ʒaːrə | джары | ɡʲaːrə | гьары | d͡ʒaːrə | джары |
Labiodentalization
Адыгэбзэжъэмкӏэ щыӏагъэп хьарыф ф [f] ыкӏи в [v]. Адыгэбзэжъэмкӏэ хьарыф цу [t͡sʷ], сӏу [sʷʼ], су [sʷ] ыкӏи зу [zʷ] хъугъэх цу [t͡sʷ], шӏу [ʃʷʼ], шъу [ʃʷ] ыкӏи жъу [ʒʷ] КӀахыбзэмкӏэ, хъугъэх в [v], фӏ [fʼ], ф [f] ыкӏи в [v] Къэбэрдеибзэмкӏэ.
- Адыгэбзэжъэ су [sʷ] хъугъэ шъу [ʃʷ] КӀахыбзэмкӏэ ыкӏи ф [f] Къэбэрдеибзэкӏэ :
Инджылыбзэ | Адыгэбзэжъэ | КӀахыбзэ | Къэбэрдеибз | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
КӀэмыгуябзэ | Абдзахэбзэ ыкӏи Шапсыгъэбзэ | |||||||
IPA | Cyrillic | IPA | Cyrillic | IPA | Cyrillic | IPA | Cyrillic | |
skin color you (plural) |
sʷa | суэ | ɕʷa | шъо | ɕʷa | шъо | fa | фэ |
honey | sʷaw | суэу | ɕʷaw | шъоу | ɕʷaw | шъоу | faw | фо |
wife | sʷəz | суз | ɕʷəz | шъуз | ɕʷəz | шъуз | fəz | фыз |
green | wət͡səsʷa | уцысуэ | wət͡səɕʷa | уцышъо | wət͡səɕʷa | уцышъо | wəd͡zəfa | удзыфэ |
- Адыгэбзэжъэ зу [zʷ] хъугъэ жъу [ʒʷ] КӀахыбзэмкӏэ ыкӏи в [v] Къэбэрдеибзэкӏэ :
Инджылыбзэ | Адыгэбзэжъэ | КӀахыбзэ | Къэбэрдеибз | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
КӀэмыгуябзэ | Абдзахэбзэ ыкӏи Шапсыгъэбзэ | |||||||
IPA | Cyrillic | IPA | Cyrillic | IPA | Cyrillic | IPA | Cyrillic | |
to boil, to plow | zʷan | зуэн | ʒʷan | жъон | ʒʷan | жъон | van | вэн |
stone, rock | məzʷa | мызуэ | məʑʷa | мыжъо | məʑʷa | мыжъо | məva | мывэ |
star | zʷaːʁʷa | зуагъо | ʑʷaːʁʷa | жъуагъо | ʑʷaːʁʷa | жъуагъо | vaːʁʷa | вагъуэ |
narrow | zazʷə | зэзу | zaʑʷə | зэжъу | zaʑʷə | зэжъу | zavə | зэвы |
wide | ʔʷəzʷə | ӏузу | ʔʷəʑʷə | ӏужъу | ʔʷəʑʷə | ӏужъу | ʔʷəvə | ӏувы |
- Адыгэбзэжъэ сӏу [sʷʼ] / цӏу [t͡sʷʼ] хъугъэ шӏу [ʃʷʼ] КӀахыбзэмкӏэ ыкӏи фӏ [fʼ] Къэбэрдеибзэкӏэ :
Инджылыбзэ | Адыгэбзэжъэ | КӀахыбзэ | Къэбэрдеибз | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
КӀэмыгуябзэ | Абдзахэбзэ ыкӏи Шапсыгъэбзэ | |||||||
IPA | Cyrillic | IPA | Cyrillic | IPA | Cyrillic | IPA | Cyrillic | |
well | sʷʼə | сӏу | ɕʷʼə | шӏу | ɕʷʼə | шӏу | fʼə | фӏы |
black | sʷʼət͡sʼa | сӏуцӏэ | ɕʷʼət͡sʼa | шӏуцӏэ | ɕʷʼət͡sʼa | шӏуцӏэ | fʼət͡sʼa | фӏыцӏэ |
fire | maːsʷʼa | масӏуэ | maːɕʷʼa | машӏо | maːɕʷʼa | машӏо | maːfʼa | мафӏэ |
dirty | sʷʼajə | сӏуэи | ɕʷʼajə | шӏои | ɕʷʼajə | шӏои | fʼej | фӏей |
- Адыгэбзэжъэ цу [t͡sʷ] къэнакъ КӀэмыгуябзэкӏэ. Ар хъугъэ чъу [t͡ʃʷ] адрэ КӀахыбзэмкӏэ ыкӏи в [v] Къэбэрдеибзэкӏэ :
Инджылыбзэ | Адыгэбзэжъэ | КӀахыбзэ | Къэбэрдеибз | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
КӀэмыгуябзэ | Абдзахэбзэ ыкӏи Шапсыгъэбзэ | |||||||
IPA | Cyrillic | IPA | Cyrillic | IPA | Cyrillic | IPA | Cyrillic | |
shoes | t͡sʷaːqa | цуакъэ | t͡sʷaːqa | цуакъэ | t͡ɕʷaːqa | чъуакъэ | vaːqa | вакъэ |
ox | t͡sʷə | цу | t͡sʷə | цу | t͡ɕʷə | чъу | və | вы |
ploughshare | t͡sʷaːbza | цуабзэ | t͡sʷaːbza | цуабзэ | t͡ɕʷaːbza | чъуабзэ | vaːbd͡za | вабзэ |
raven | t͡sʷəndə | цунды | t͡sʷəndə | цунды | ? | ? | vənd | вынд |
Хьарыф ф [f] КӀахыбзэмэ яхэтэр къэкӏэгъ Адыгэбзэжъэ хьарыф ху [xʷ]. Ар къэнагъ Къэбэрдейбзэхэмкӏэ.
Инджылыбзэ | Адыгэбзэжъэ | КӀахыбзэ | Къэбэрдеибз | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
КӀэмыгуябзэ | Абдзахэбзэ ыкӏи Шапсыгъэбзэ | |||||||
IPA | Cyrillic | IPA | Cyrillic | IPA | Cyrillic | IPA | Cyrillic | |
day | maːxʷa | махуэ | maːfa | мафэ | maːfa | мафэ | maːxʷa | махуэ |
white | xʷəʑə | хужьы | fəʑə | фыжьы | fəʑə | фыжьы | xʷəʑə | хужьы |
person | t͡sʼəxʷə | цӏыху | t͡sʼəfə | цӏыфы | t͡sʼəfə | цӏыфы | t͡sʼəxʷ | цӏыху |
hot | xʷaːba | хуабэ | faːba | фабэ | faːba | фабэ | xʷaːba | хуабэ |
corn | nartəxʷ | нартыху | nartəf | нартыф | natəf | натыф | nartəxʷ | нартыху |
like | xʷad | хуэд | fad | фэд | fad | фэд | xʷad | хуэд |
to want | xʷajan | хуэен | fajan | фэен | fajan | фэен | xʷajan | ? |
garlic | bʑənəxʷ | бжьыныху | bʑənəf | бжьыныф | bʑənəf | бжьыныф | bʑənəxʷ | бжьыныху |
man | χʷəɬxʷəʁa | хъулъхугъэ | χʷəɬfəʁa | хъулъфыгъэ | qʷəlfəʁa | къулфыгъэ | χʷəɬxʷəʁa | хъулъхугъэ |
woman | bzəɬxʷəʁa | бзылъхугъэ | bzəɬfəʁa | бзылъфыгъэ | bzəlfəʁa | бзылфыгъэ | bzəɬxʷəʁa | бзылъхугъэ |
tin | t͡saxʷ | цэху | t͡saf | цэф | t͡saf | цэф | d͡zːaxʷ | дзэху |
light | naxʷə(n) | нэху(н) | nafən | нэфын | nafna | нэфнэ | naxʷ | нэху |
straight man | zaːxʷa | захуэ | zaːfa | зафэ | zaːfa | зафэ | zaːxʷa | захуэ |
References
- STAROSTIN, Sergei A.; NIKOLAYEV, Sergei L. (1994). A North Caucasian Etymological Dictionary: Preface.