Адыгэбзэжъэ версиехэм я зэщхьэщыкӀыныгъэхэр
Created page with "'''Адыгэбзэжъэр''' йэ '''Прото-Адыгэбзэр''' ({{lang-en|Proto-Circassian language}}) Адыгэхэмэ я бзэжъэр. к..." |
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* Адыгэбзэжъэ кь [kʲ] къэнагъ Шапсыгъэбзэмкӏэ. Адрэ КӀахыбзэхэмкӏэ хъугъэх ч [t͡ʃ], Къэбэдейбзэхэмккӏэ дж [d͡ʒ] : |
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* Proto-Circassian кь {{IPAblink|k|kʲ}} survived in Shapsug. In other Adyghe dialects it became ч {{IPAblink|t͡ʃ}} and in Kabardian it became дж {{IPAblink|d͡ʒ}} : |
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{| class="IPA wikitable" border="1" text-align="right" |
{| class="IPA wikitable" border="1" text-align="right" |
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! rowspan="3"| |
! rowspan="3"| Инджылыбзэ |
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! rowspan="2" colspan="2"| |
! rowspan="2" colspan="2"| Адыгэбзэжъэ |
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! colspan="4"| |
! colspan="4"| КӀахыбзэ |
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! rowspan="2" colspan="2"| |
! rowspan="2" colspan="2"| Къэбэрдеибзэ |
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|- |
|- |
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! colspan="2"| |
! colspan="2"| КӀэмыгуябзэ ыкӏи Абдзахэбзэ |
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! colspan="2"| |
! colspan="2"| Шапсыгъэбзэ |
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|- |
|- |
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! IPA |
! IPA |
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242 сатырыр | 242 сатырыр | ||
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* Адыгэбзэжъэ кӏь [kʲʼ] къэнагъ Шапсыгъэбзэмкӏэ. Адрэ Адыгэбзэхэмкӏэ хъугъэх кӏ [t͡ʃʼ] : |
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* Proto-Circassian кӏь {{IPAblink|kʼ|kʲʼ}} survived in Shapsug. In other Circassian dialects it became кӏ {{IPAblink|t͡ʃʼ}} : |
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{| class="IPA wikitable" border="1" text-align="right" |
{| class="IPA wikitable" border="1" text-align="right" |
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! rowspan="3"| |
! rowspan="3"| Инджылыбзэ |
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! rowspan="2" colspan="2"| |
! rowspan="2" colspan="2"| Адыгэбзэжъэ |
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! colspan="4"| |
! colspan="4"| КӀахыбзэ |
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! rowspan="2" colspan="2"| |
! rowspan="2" colspan="2"| Къэбэрдеибзэ |
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|- |
|- |
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! colspan="2"| |
! colspan="2"| КӀэмыгуябзэ ыкӏи Абдзахэбзэ |
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! colspan="2"| |
! colspan="2"| Шапсыгъэбзэ |
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|- |
|- |
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! IPA |
! IPA |
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283 сатырыр | 283 сатырыр | ||
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* Адыгэбзэжъэ гь [ɡʲ] къэнагъ Шапсыгъэбзэмкӏэ. Адрэ Адыгэбзэхэмкӏэ хъугъэх дж [d͡ʒ] : |
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* Proto-Circassian гь {{IPAblink|ɡ|ɡʲ}} survived in Shapsug. In other Circassian dialects it became дж {{IPAblink|d͡ʒ}} : |
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{| class="IPA wikitable" border="1" text-align="right" |
{| class="IPA wikitable" border="1" text-align="right" |
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! rowspan="3"| |
! rowspan="3"| Инджылыбзэ |
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! rowspan="2" colspan="2"| |
! rowspan="2" colspan="2"| Адыгэбзэжъэ |
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! colspan="4"| |
! colspan="4"| КӀахыбзэ |
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! rowspan="2" colspan="2"| |
! rowspan="2" colspan="2"| Къэбэрдеибзэ |
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|- |
|- |
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! colspan="2"| |
! colspan="2"| КӀэмыгуябзэ ыкӏи Абдзахэбзэ |
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! colspan="2"| |
! colspan="2"| Шапсыгъэбзэ |
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|- |
|- |
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! IPA |
! IPA |
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327 сатырыр | 327 сатырыр | ||
====Labiodentalization==== |
====Labiodentalization==== |
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Адыгэбзэжъэмкӏэ щыӏагъэп хьарыф ф [f] ыкӏи в [v]. Адыгэбзэжъэмкӏэ хьарыф цу [t͡sʷ], сӏу [sʷʼ], су [sʷ] ыкӏи зу [zʷ] хъугъэх цу [t͡sʷ], шӏу [ʃʷʼ], шъу [ʃʷ] ыкӏи жъу [ʒʷ] КӀахыбзэмкӏэ, хъугъэх в [v], фӏ [fʼ], ф [f] ыкӏи в [v] Къэбэрдеибзэмкӏэ. |
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The Proto-Circassian language did not had [[labiodental consonant|labiodental]] consonants (ф {{IPAblink|f}} and в {{IPAblink|v}}). There existed a series of [[labialization|labialized]] alveolar sibilant affricates and fricatives: *[tsʷ] {{angle bracket|цу}}, *[sʷʼ] {{angle bracket|сӏу}}, *[sʷ] {{angle bracket|су}}, *[zʷ] {{angle bracket|зу}}. In Adyghe [[Temirgoy]] dialect they became *[tsʷ] {{angle bracket|цу}}, *[ʃʼʷ] {{angle bracket|шӏу}}, *[ʃʷ] {{angle bracket|шъу}}, *[ʒʷ] {{angle bracket|жъу}}. In [[Shapsug Adyghe dialect|Shapsug]], [[Bzhedug Adyghe dialect|Bzhedug]] and [[Abzakh Adyghe dialect|Abzakh]] dialects of Adyghe they become [[Labio-palatalization|labiopalatalized]] *[tɕʷ] {{angle bracket|чъу}}, *[ʃʼʷ] {{angle bracket|шӏу}}, *[ʃʷ] {{angle bracket|шъу}}, *[ʒʷ] {{angle bracket|жъу}}, and in Kabardian they become [[labiodental consonant|labiodental]] consonants *{{IPAblink|v}} {{angle bracket|в}}, *{{IPAblink|fʼ}} {{angle bracket|фӏ}}, *{{IPAblink|f}} {{angle bracket|ф}}, *{{IPAblink|v}} {{angle bracket|в}}. |
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* Адыгэбзэжъэ су {{IPA|[sʷ]}} хъугъэ шъу {{IPA|[ʃʷ]}} КӀахыбзэмкӏэ ыкӏи ф [f] Къэбэрдеибзэкӏэ : |
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* Proto-Circassian [[aspirated consonant|aspirated]] цʰу {{IPAblink|ʰ|t͡sʰʷ}} became чъʰу {{IPA|[t͡ɕʰʷ]}} in Bzhedug, цу {{IPA|[t͡sʷ]}} in Temirgoy, чъу {{IPA|[t͡ɕʷ]}} in Shapsug and Abzakh and ф {{IPA|[f]}} in Kabardian. |
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{| class="IPA wikitable" border="1" text-align="right" |
{| class="IPA wikitable" border="1" text-align="right" |
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! rowspan="3"| |
! rowspan="3"| Инджылыбзэ |
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! rowspan="2" colspan="2"| |
! rowspan="2" colspan="2"| Адыгэбзэжъэ |
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! colspan=" |
! colspan="4"| КӀахыбзэ |
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! rowspan="2" colspan="2"| |
! rowspan="2" colspan="2"| Къэбэрдеибз |
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|- |
|- |
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! colspan="2"| |
! colspan="2"| КӀэмыгуябзэ |
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! colspan="2"| |
! colspan="2"| Абдзахэбзэ ыкӏи Шапсыгъэбзэ |
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! colspan="2"| [[Abzakh Adyghe dialect|Abzakh]] and [[Shapsug Adyghe dialect|Shapsug]] |
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|- |
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! IPA |
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! Cyrillic |
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! IPA |
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! Cyrillic |
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! IPA |
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! Cyrillic |
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! IPA |
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! Cyrillic |
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! IPA |
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! Cyrillic |
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| jungle/bushy area|| t͡sʰʷənə || цʰуны || t͡ɕʰʷənə || чъʰуны || t͡sʷənə || цуны || t͡ɕʷənə || чъуны || fən || фын |
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* Proto-Circassian су {{IPA|[sʷ]}} became шъу {{IPA|[ʃʷ]}} in the Adyghe dialects and ф {{IPAblink|f}} in the Kabardian dialects : |
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{| class="IPA wikitable" border="1" text-align="right" |
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! rowspan="3"| Word |
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! rowspan="2" colspan="2"| Proto-Circassian |
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! colspan="4"| [[Adyghe language|Adyghe]] |
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! rowspan="2" colspan="2"| [[Kabardian language|Kabardian]] |
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|- |
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! colspan="2"| [[Temirgoy]] |
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! colspan="2"| [[Shapsug Adyghe dialect|Shapsug]] and [[Abzakh Adyghe dialect|Abzakh]] |
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|- |
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! IPA |
! IPA |
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384 сатырыр | 358 сатырыр | ||
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* |
* Адыгэбзэжъэ зу {{IPA|[zʷ]}} хъугъэ жъу {{IPA|[ʒʷ]}} КӀахыбзэмкӏэ ыкӏи в [v] Къэбэрдеибзэкӏэ : |
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{| class="IPA wikitable" border="1" text-align="right" |
{| class="IPA wikitable" border="1" text-align="right" |
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! rowspan="3"| |
! rowspan="3"| Инджылыбзэ |
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! rowspan="2" colspan="2"| |
! rowspan="2" colspan="2"| Адыгэбзэжъэ |
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! colspan="4"| |
! colspan="4"| КӀахыбзэ |
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! rowspan="2" colspan="2"| |
! rowspan="2" colspan="2"| Къэбэрдеибз |
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|- |
|- |
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! colspan="2"| |
! colspan="2"| КӀэмыгуябзэ |
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! colspan="2"| Абдзахэбзэ ыкӏи Шапсыгъэбзэ |
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! colspan="2"| [[Shapsug Adyghe dialect|Shapsug]] and [[Abzakh Adyghe dialect|Abzakh]] |
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|- |
|- |
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! IPA |
! IPA |
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415 сатырыр | 389 сатырыр | ||
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* |
* Адыгэбзэжъэ сӏу {{IPA|[sʷʼ]}} / цӏу {{IPA|[t͡sʷʼ]}} хъугъэ шӏу {{IPA|[ʃʷʼ]}} КӀахыбзэмкӏэ ыкӏи фӏ [fʼ] Къэбэрдеибзэкӏэ : |
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{| class="IPA wikitable" border="1" text-align="right" |
{| class="IPA wikitable" border="1" text-align="right" |
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! rowspan="3"| |
! rowspan="3"| Инджылыбзэ |
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! rowspan="2" colspan="2"| |
! rowspan="2" colspan="2"| Адыгэбзэжъэ |
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! colspan="4"| |
! colspan="4"| КӀахыбзэ |
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! rowspan="2" colspan="2"| |
! rowspan="2" colspan="2"| Къэбэрдеибз |
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|- |
|- |
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! colspan="2"| |
! colspan="2"| КӀэмыгуябзэ |
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! colspan="2"| Абдзахэбзэ ыкӏи Шапсыгъэбзэ |
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! colspan="2"| [[Shapsug Adyghe dialect|Shapsug]] and [[Abzakh Adyghe dialect|Abzakh]] |
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|- |
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! IPA |
! IPA |
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444 сатырыр | 418 сатырыр | ||
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* Адыгэбзэжъэ цу {{IPA|[t͡sʷ]}} къэнакъ КӀэмыгуябзэкӏэ. Ар хъугъэ чъу {{IPA|[t͡ʃʷ]}} адрэ КӀахыбзэмкӏэ ыкӏи в [v] Къэбэрдеибзэкӏэ : |
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* Proto-Circassian цу {{IPA|[t͡sʷ]}} survived in Temirgoy. In most Adyghe dialects (e.g. Abzakh, Shapsug and Bzhedug) it became чъу {{IPA|[t͡ɕʷ]}} and in the Kabardian dialects it became в {{IPAblink|v}} : |
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{| class="IPA wikitable" border="1" text-align="right" |
{| class="IPA wikitable" border="1" text-align="right" |
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! rowspan="3"| |
! rowspan="3"| Инджылыбзэ |
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! rowspan="2" colspan="2"| |
! rowspan="2" colspan="2"| Адыгэбзэжъэ |
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! colspan="4"| |
! colspan="4"| КӀахыбзэ |
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! rowspan="2" colspan="2"| |
! rowspan="2" colspan="2"| Къэбэрдеибз |
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|- |
|- |
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! colspan="2"| |
! colspan="2"| КӀэмыгуябзэ |
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! colspan="2"| Абдзахэбзэ ыкӏи Шапсыгъэбзэ |
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! colspan="2"| [[Shapsug Adyghe dialect|Shapsug]] and [[Abzakh Adyghe dialect|Abzakh]] |
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|- |
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! IPA |
! IPA |
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473 сатырыр | 447 сатырыр | ||
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Хьарыф ф [f] КӀахыбзэмэ яхэтэр къэкӏэгъ Адыгэбзэжъэ хьарыф ху [xʷ]. Ар къэнагъ Къэбэрдейбзэхэмкӏэ. |
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Labiodental {{IPAblink|f}} {{angle bracket|ф}} is found also in Adyghe, but there it derives from the Proto-Circassian labialized [[voiceless velar fricative]] [xʷ] {{angle bracket|ху}}, which survived in the East Circassian dialects (e.g. Kabardian and Besleney). |
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{| class="IPA wikitable" border="1" text-align="right" |
{| class="IPA wikitable" border="1" text-align="right" |
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! rowspan="3"| |
! rowspan="3"| Инджылыбзэ |
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! rowspan="2" colspan="2"| |
! rowspan="2" colspan="2"| Адыгэбзэжъэ |
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! colspan="4"| |
! colspan="4"| КӀахыбзэ |
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! rowspan="2" colspan="2"| |
! rowspan="2" colspan="2"| Къэбэрдеибз |
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|- |
|- |
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! colspan="2"| |
! colspan="2"| КӀэмыгуябзэ |
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! colspan="2"| |
! colspan="2"| Абдзахэбзэ ыкӏи Шапсыгъэбзэ |
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|- |
|- |
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! IPA |
! IPA |
16:24, 22 Жэпуэгъуэ 2015 версие
Адыгэбзэжъэр йэ Прото-Адыгэбзэр (ин-бз. Proto-Circassian language) Адыгэхэмэ я бзэжъэр. кӀах псэлъэкӀэмрэ Къэбэрдей псэлъэкӀэмрэ я адэ бзэр.
Фонология
Согласныехэр
Адыгэхэбзэжъэ | Cyrillic | КӀахыбзэ | Къэбэрдеибзэ | |||||||
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Бжъэдыгъубзэ | КӀэмыгуябзэ | Абдзахэбзэ | Шапсыгъэбзэ | Къэбэрдеибзэ | Бэслъыныйбзэ | |||||
Aspirated consonants |
*pʰ | пʰ | pʰ ⟨п⟩ | p ⟨п⟩ | p ⟨п⟩ | |||||
*tʰ | тʰ | tʰ ⟨тʰ⟩ | t ⟨т⟩ | t ⟨т⟩ | ||||||
*t͡sʰ | цʰ | t͡sʰ ⟨цʰ⟩ | t͡s ⟨ц⟩ | t͡s ⟨ц⟩ | ||||||
*t͡sʰʷ | цʰу | t͡ɕʰʷ ⟨чъʰу⟩ | t͡sʷ ⟨цу⟩ | t͡ɕʷ ⟨чъу⟩ | f ⟨f⟩ | |||||
*t͡ɕʰ | чьʰ | t͡ʂʰ ⟨чъʰ⟩ | t͡ʂ ⟨чъ⟩ | ʃ ⟨ш⟩ | t͡ɕ ⟨чь⟩ | ɕʼ ⟨щӏ⟩ | ||||
*t͡ʂʰ | чъʰ | ʂʰ ⟨шъʰ⟩ | ʂ ⟨шъ⟩ | ʃ ⟨ш⟩ | ||||||
*t͡ʃʰ | чʰ | ʃʰ ⟨шʰ⟩ | ʃ ⟨ш⟩ | ʃ ⟨ш⟩ | t͡ɕ ⟨чь⟩ | |||||
*ʃʰ | шʰ | ʃʰ ⟨шʰ⟩ | ɕ ⟨щ⟩ | ʃ ⟨ш⟩ | ||||||
*ʂʰ | шъʰ | ʂʰ ⟨шъʰ⟩ | ʂ ⟨шъ⟩ | ɕ ⟨щ⟩ | ||||||
*kʰʲ | кьʰ | t͡ʃʰ ⟨чʰ⟩ | t͡ʃ ⟨ч⟩ | kʲ ⟨кь⟩ | t͡ʃ ⟨ч⟩ | kʲ ⟨кь⟩ | ||||
*kʰʷ | кʰу | kʰʷ ⟨кʰу⟩ | kʷ ⟨ку⟩ | kʷ ⟨ку⟩ | ||||||
*qʰ | къʰ | qʰ ⟨къʰ⟩ | q ⟨къ⟩ | χ ⟨хъ⟩ | q͡χ ⟨кхъ⟩ | |||||
*qʰʷ | къʰу | qʰʷ ⟨къʰу⟩ | q ⟨къ⟩ | χʷ ⟨хъу⟩ | q͡χʷ ⟨кхъу⟩ | |||||
Geminate stops and affricates |
*p | п | p ⟨п⟩ | b ⟨б⟩ | ||||||
*t | т | t ⟨т⟩ | d ⟨д⟩ | |||||||
*t͡s | ц | t͡s ⟨ц⟩ | d͡z ⟨дз⟩ | |||||||
*t͡sʷ | цу | t͡ɕʷ ⟨чъу⟩ | t͡sʷ ⟨цу⟩ | t͡ɕʷ ⟨чъу⟩ | v ⟨в⟩ | |||||
*t͡ʂ | чъ | t͡ʂ ⟨чъ⟩ | t͡ɕ ⟨чь⟩ | ʒ ⟨ж⟩ | d͡ʒ ⟨дж⟩ | |||||
*t͡ʃ | ч | t͡ʃ ⟨ч⟩ | ɕ ⟨щ⟩ | t͡ʃ ⟨ч⟩ | ʒ ⟨ж⟩ | |||||
*t͡ɕ | чь | t͡ʂ ⟨чъ⟩ | ʃ ⟨ш⟩ | t͡ɕ ⟨чь⟩ | ʒ ⟨ж⟩ | |||||
*kʲ | кь | t͡ʃ ⟨ч⟩ | kʲ ⟨кь⟩ | d͡ʒ ⟨дж⟩ | kʲ ⟨кь⟩ | |||||
*kʷ | ку | kʷ ⟨ку⟩ | ɡʷ ⟨гу⟩ | |||||||
*q | къ | q ⟨къ⟩ | q ⟨къ⟩ | |||||||
*qʷ | къу | qʷ ⟨къу⟩ | qʷ ⟨къу⟩ | |||||||
*ʔ | ӏ or къӏ | ʔ ⟨ӏ⟩ | ʔ ⟨ӏ⟩ | |||||||
*ʔʷ | ӏу or къӏу | ʔʷ ⟨ӏу⟩ | ʔʷ ⟨ӏу⟩ | |||||||
Geminate voiced stops and affricates |
*b | б | b ⟨б⟩ | b ⟨б⟩ | ||||||
*d | д | d ⟨д⟩ | d ⟨д⟩ | |||||||
*d͡ɮ | дл | ɣ ⟨г⟩ | ʒ ⟨ж⟩ | |||||||
*d͡z | дз | d͡z ⟨дз⟩ | d͡z ⟨дз⟩ | |||||||
*d͡zʷ | дзу | ʑʷ ⟨жъу⟩ | d͡zʷ ⟨дзу⟩ | ʑʷ ⟨жъу⟩ | v ⟨в⟩ | |||||
*d͡ʑ | джь | d͡ʒ ⟨дж⟩ | ʑ ⟨жь⟩ | |||||||
*d͡ʒ | дж | d͡ʒ ⟨дж⟩ | ʒ ⟨ж⟩ | |||||||
*ɡʲ | гь | d͡ʒ ⟨дж⟩ | ɡʲ ⟨гь⟩ | d͡ʒ ⟨дж⟩ | ɡʲ ⟨гь⟩ | |||||
*ɡʷ | гу | ɡʷ ⟨гу⟩ | ɡʷ ⟨гу⟩ | |||||||
Ejective stops and affricates |
*pʼ | пӏ | pʼ ⟨пӏ⟩ | pʼ ⟨пӏ⟩ | ||||||
*pʷʼ | пӏу | pʷʼ ⟨пӏу⟩ | pʼ ⟨пӏ⟩ | pʼ ⟨пӏ⟩ | ||||||
*tʼ | тӏ | tʼ ⟨тӏ⟩ | tʼ ⟨тӏ⟩ | |||||||
*tʷʼ | тӏу | tʷʼ ⟨тӏу⟩ | tʼ ⟨тӏ⟩ | |||||||
*t͡sʼ | цӏ | t͡sʼ ⟨цӏ⟩ | t͡sʼ ⟨цӏ⟩ / sʼ ⟨сӏ⟩ | t͡sʼ ⟨цӏ⟩ | ||||||
*t͡sʷʼ / sʷʼ | цӏу or сӏу | ɕʷʼ ⟨шӏу⟩ | fʼ ⟨фӏ⟩ | |||||||
*t͡ʃʼ | кӏ | t͡ʃʼ ⟨кӏ⟩ | ʔʲ ⟨ӏь⟩ / tʃʼ ⟨кӏ⟩ | tʃʼ ⟨кӏ⟩ | ɕʼ ⟨щӏ⟩ | t͡ʃʼ ⟨кӏ⟩ | ||||
*t͡ɕʼ | чьӏ | ʃʼ ⟨шӏ⟩ | ɕʼ ⟨щӏ⟩ | |||||||
*t͡ʂʼ | чӏ | t͡ʂʼ ⟨чӏ⟩ | ɕʼ ⟨щӏ⟩ | |||||||
*t͡ɬʼ | тлӏ | ɬʼ ⟨лӏ⟩ | ɬʼ ⟨лӏ⟩ | t͡ɬʼ ⟨тлӏ⟩ | ||||||
*kʲʼ | кӏь | t͡ʃʼ ⟨кӏ⟩ | kʲʼ ⟨кӏь⟩ | t͡ʃʼ ⟨кӏ⟩ | kʲʼ ⟨кӏь⟩ | |||||
*kʷʼ | кӏу | kʷʼ ⟨кӏу⟩ | kʷʼ ⟨кӏу⟩ | |||||||
Voiceless fricatives |
*ɬ | лъ | ɬ ⟨лъ⟩ | ɬ ⟨лъ⟩ | ||||||
*s | с | s ⟨с⟩ | s ⟨с⟩ | |||||||
*sʷ | су | ɕʷ ⟨шъу⟩ | f ⟨ф⟩ | |||||||
*ʃ | ш | ʃ ⟨ш⟩ | ɕ ⟨щ⟩ | |||||||
*ʂ | шъ | ʂ ⟨шъ⟩ | ɕ ⟨щ⟩ | |||||||
*ɕ | щ | ɕ ⟨щ⟩ | ɕ ⟨щ⟩ | |||||||
*x | х | x ⟨х⟩ | x ⟨х⟩ | |||||||
*xʷ | ху | f ⟨ф⟩ | xʷ ⟨ху⟩ | |||||||
*χ | хъ | χ ⟨хъ⟩ | χ ⟨хъ⟩ | |||||||
*χʷ | хъу | χʷ ⟨хъу⟩ | χʷ ⟨хъу⟩ | |||||||
*χʲ | хъь | ħ ⟨хь⟩ | χ ⟨хъ⟩ | ħ ⟨хь⟩ | ||||||
*ħ | хь | ħ ⟨хь⟩ | ħ ⟨хь⟩ | |||||||
Voiced fricatives |
*ɮ | л | l~ɮ ⟨ль~л⟩ | ɮ ⟨л⟩ | l ⟨ль⟩ | ɮ ⟨л⟩ | l ⟨ль⟩ | |||
*z | з | z ⟨з⟩ | z ⟨з⟩ | |||||||
*zʷ | зу | ʑʷ ⟨жъу⟩ | v ⟨в⟩ | |||||||
*ʒ | ж | ʒ ⟨ж⟩ | ʑ ⟨жь⟩ | |||||||
*ʐ | жъ | ʐ ⟨жъ⟩ | ʑ ⟨жь⟩ | |||||||
*ʑ | жь | ʑ ⟨жь⟩ | ʑ ⟨жь⟩ | |||||||
*ɣ | г | ɣ ⟨г⟩ | ɣ ⟨г⟩ | |||||||
*ɣʲ | г | ɣ ⟨г⟩ | ʑ ⟨жь⟩ | |||||||
*ʁ | гъ | ʁ ⟨гъ⟩ | ʁ ⟨гъ⟩ | |||||||
*ʁʷ | гъу | ʁʷ ⟨гъу⟩ | ʁʷ ⟨гъу⟩ | |||||||
Resonants | *m | м | m ⟨м⟩ | m ⟨м⟩ | ||||||
*n | н | n ⟨н⟩ | n ⟨н⟩ | |||||||
*r | р | r ⟨р⟩ | r ⟨р⟩ | |||||||
*j | й | j ⟨й⟩ | j ⟨й⟩ | |||||||
*w | у | w ⟨у⟩ | w ⟨у⟩ |
Palatovelar consonants
Адыгэбзэжъымкӏэ щыӏагъ гь [ɡʲ], аспирированный кьʰ [kʰʲ], кь [kʲ] ыкӏи кӏь [kʲʼ] хьарыфхэр. Шапсыгъэбзэмкӏи Бэслъыныйбзэкӏи щыӏэх гь [ɡʲ], кь [kʲ] ыкӏи кӏь [kʲʼ] хьарыфхэр.[1] Адгэ Адыгэбзэхэмкӏэ ахэр хъугъэх дж [d͡ʒ], ч [t͡ʃ] ыкӏи кӏ [t͡ʃʼ].[2][3] Адыгэбзэжъэ кь [kʲ] хъугъэ дж [d͡ʒ] къэбэрдейкӏэ (кь [kʲ] → ч [t͡ʃ] → дж [d͡ʒ]).
- Адыгэбзэжъэ аспирированный кьʰ [kʰʲ] хъугъэ аспирированный чʰ [t͡ʃʰ] Бжъэдыгъубзэкӏэ, кь [kʲ] Шапсыгъэбзэкӏэ ыкӏи ч [t͡ʃ] адрэ адыгэбзэхэмкӏэ :
Инджылыбзэ | Адыгэбзэжъэ | КӀахыбзэ | Къэбэрдеибзэ | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Бжъэдыгъубзэ | КӀэмыгуябзэ ыкӏи Абдзахэбзэ | Шапсыгъэбзэ | ||||||||
IPA | Cyrillic | IPA | Cyrillic | IPA | Cyrillic | IPA | Cyrillic | IPA | Cyrillic | |
spleen | kʰʲa | кьʰэ | t͡ʃʰa | чʰэ | t͡ʃa | чэ | kʲa | кьэ | t͡ʃa | чэ |
brushwood twig |
kʰʲə | кьʰы | t͡ʃʰə | чʰы | t͡ʃə | чы | kʲə | кьы | t͡ʃə | чы |
to cough | pskʰʲan | пскьʰэн | pst͡ʃʰan | псчʰэн | pst͡ʃan | псчэн | pskʲan | пскьэн | pst͡ʃan | псчэн |
- Адыгэбзэжъэ кь [kʲ] къэнагъ Шапсыгъэбзэмкӏэ. Адрэ КӀахыбзэхэмкӏэ хъугъэх ч [t͡ʃ], Къэбэдейбзэхэмккӏэ дж [d͡ʒ] :
Инджылыбзэ | Адыгэбзэжъэ | КӀахыбзэ | Къэбэрдеибзэ | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
КӀэмыгуябзэ ыкӏи Абдзахэбзэ | Шапсыгъэбзэ | |||||||
IPA | Cyrillic | IPA | Cyrillic | IPA | Cyrillic | IPA | Cyrillic | |
chicken | kʲatə | кьэты | t͡ʃatə | чэты | kʲat | кьэт | d͡ʒad | джэд |
cat | kʲatəw | кьэтыу | t͡ʃatəw | чэтыу | kʲatəw | кьэтыу | d͡ʒadəw | джэдыу |
glass | ʔaːpkʲ | апкь | ʔaːpt͡ʃ | апч | ʔaːpkʲ | апкь | ʔaːbd͡ʒ | абдж |
to spin | ʁakʲarazən | гъэкьэрэзын | ʁat͡ʃarazən | гъэчэрэзын | ʁakʲarazən | гъэкьэрэзын | ʁad͡ʒarazən | гъэджэрэзын |
cheerful | kʲaxʷə | кьэху | чэфы | t͡ʃafə | кьэфы | kʲafə | d͡ʒaxʷə | джэху |
- Адыгэбзэжъэ кӏь [kʲʼ] къэнагъ Шапсыгъэбзэмкӏэ. Адрэ Адыгэбзэхэмкӏэ хъугъэх кӏ [t͡ʃʼ] :
Инджылыбзэ | Адыгэбзэжъэ | КӀахыбзэ | Къэбэрдеибзэ | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
КӀэмыгуябзэ ыкӏи Абдзахэбзэ | Шапсыгъэбзэ | |||||||
IPA | Cyrillic | IPA | Cyrillic | IPA | Cyrillic | IPA | Cyrillic | |
egg | kʲʼankʲʼa | кӏьэнкӏьэ | t͡ʃʼant͡ʃʼa | кӏэнкӏэ | kʲʼaːkʲʼa | кӏьакӏьэ | t͡ʃʼant͡ʃʼa | кӏэнкӏэ |
gun | kʲʼaraːχʷa | кӏьэрахъо | t͡ʃʼaraːχʷa | кӏэрахъо | kʲʼaraːχʷa | кӏьэрахъо | t͡ʃʼaraːχʷa | кӏэрахъуэ |
long | kʲʼəħa | кӏьыхьэ | t͡ʃʼəħa | кӏыхьэ | kʲʼaħə | кӏьэхьы | t͡ʃʼəħ | кӏыхь |
short | kʲʼat͡ʃʼə | кӏьэкӏы | t͡ʃʼat͡ʃʼə | кӏэкӏы | t͡ʃʼat͡ʃʼə | кӏьэкӏы | t͡ʃʼaɕʼ | кӏэщӏ |
to kill | wkʲʼən | укӏьын | wt͡ʃʼən | укӏын | wkʲʼən | укӏьын | wt͡ʃʼən | укӏын |
rope | kʲʼaːpsa | кӏьапсэ | t͡ʃʼaːpsa | кӏапсэ | kʲʼaːpsa | кӏьапсэ | t͡ʃʼaːpsa | кӏапсэ |
key | ʔʷənkʲʼəbza | ӏункӏьыбзэ | ʔʷənt͡ʃʼəbza | ӏункӏыбзэ | ʔʷəkʲʼəbza | ӏукӏьыбзэ | ʔʷənt͡ʃʼəbza | ӏункӏыбзэ |
tail | kʲʼa | кӏьэ | t͡ʃʼa | кӏэ | kʲʼa | кӏьэ | t͡ʃʼa | кӏэ |
beard | ʒaːkʲʼa | жакӏьэ | ʒaːt͡ʃʼa | жакӏэ | ʒaːkʲʼa | жакӏьэ | ʑaːt͡ʃʼa | жьакӏэ |
Temirgoy | kʲʼaməɡʷəja | кӏьэмыгуе | t͡ʃʼaməɡʷəja | кӏэмыгуе | kʲʼaməɡʷəja | кӏьэмыгуе | t͡ʃʼaməɡʷəja | кӏэмыгуе |
- Адыгэбзэжъэ гь [ɡʲ] къэнагъ Шапсыгъэбзэмкӏэ. Адрэ Адыгэбзэхэмкӏэ хъугъэх дж [d͡ʒ] :
Инджылыбзэ | Адыгэбзэжъэ | КӀахыбзэ | Къэбэрдеибзэ | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
КӀэмыгуябзэ ыкӏи Абдзахэбзэ | Шапсыгъэбзэ | |||||||
IPA | Cyrillic | IPA | Cyrillic | IPA | Cyrillic | IPA | Cyrillic | |
dress/shirt | ɡʲaːna | гьанэ | d͡ʒaːna | джанэ | ɡʲaːna | гьанэ | d͡ʒaːna | джанэ |
to study to read to call |
jaɡʲan | егьэн | jad͡ʒan | еджэн | jaɡʲan | егьэн | jad͡ʒan | еджэн |
infidel | ɡʲaːwər | гьаур | d͡ʒaːwər | джаур | ɡʲaːwər | гьаур | d͡ʒaːwər | джаур |
to play | ɡʲagʷən | гьэгун | d͡ʒagʷən | джэгун | ɡʲagʷən | гьэгун | d͡ʒagʷən | джэгун |
game | ɡʲagʷ | гьэгу | d͡ʒagʷ | джэгу | ɡʲagʷ | гьэгу | d͡ʒagʷ | джэгу |
toy | ɡʲaɡʷaːɬa | гьэгуалъэ | d͡ʒagʷaːɬa | джэгуалъэ | ɡʲagʷaːɬa | гьэгуалъэ | d͡ʒagʷaːɬa | джэгуалъэ |
bitter | dəɡʲə | дыгьы | dəd͡ʒə | дыджы | dəɡʲə | дыгьы | dəd͡ʒ | дыдж |
pants | ʁʷanʃaɡʲ | гъоншэгь | ʁʷant͡ʃad͡ʒ | гъончэдж | ʁʷaʃaɡʲ | гъошэгь | ʁʷanʃad͡ʒ | гъоншэдж |
evil | bzaːɡʲa | бзагьэ | bzaːd͡ʒa | бзаджэ | bzaːɡʲa | бзагьэ | bzaːd͡ʒa | бзаджэ |
spider | baɡʲə | бэгьы | bad͡ʒə | бэджы | baːɡʲa | багьэ | bad͡ʒ | бэдж |
that's it | ɡʲaːrə | гьары | d͡ʒaːrə | джары | ɡʲaːrə | гьары | d͡ʒaːrə | джары |
Labiodentalization
Адыгэбзэжъэмкӏэ щыӏагъэп хьарыф ф [f] ыкӏи в [v]. Адыгэбзэжъэмкӏэ хьарыф цу [t͡sʷ], сӏу [sʷʼ], су [sʷ] ыкӏи зу [zʷ] хъугъэх цу [t͡sʷ], шӏу [ʃʷʼ], шъу [ʃʷ] ыкӏи жъу [ʒʷ] КӀахыбзэмкӏэ, хъугъэх в [v], фӏ [fʼ], ф [f] ыкӏи в [v] Къэбэрдеибзэмкӏэ.
- Адыгэбзэжъэ су [sʷ] хъугъэ шъу [ʃʷ] КӀахыбзэмкӏэ ыкӏи ф [f] Къэбэрдеибзэкӏэ :
Инджылыбзэ | Адыгэбзэжъэ | КӀахыбзэ | Къэбэрдеибз | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
КӀэмыгуябзэ | Абдзахэбзэ ыкӏи Шапсыгъэбзэ | |||||||
IPA | Cyrillic | IPA | Cyrillic | IPA | Cyrillic | IPA | Cyrillic | |
skin color you (plural) |
sʷa | суэ | ɕʷa | шъо | ɕʷa | шъо | fa | фэ |
honey | sʷaw | суэу | ɕʷaw | шъоу | ɕʷaw | шъоу | faw | фо |
wife | sʷəz | суз | ɕʷəz | шъуз | ɕʷəz | шъуз | fəz | фыз |
green | wət͡səsʷa | уцысуэ | wət͡səɕʷa | уцышъо | wət͡səɕʷa | уцышъо | wəd͡zəfa | удзыфэ |
- Адыгэбзэжъэ зу [zʷ] хъугъэ жъу [ʒʷ] КӀахыбзэмкӏэ ыкӏи в [v] Къэбэрдеибзэкӏэ :
Инджылыбзэ | Адыгэбзэжъэ | КӀахыбзэ | Къэбэрдеибз | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
КӀэмыгуябзэ | Абдзахэбзэ ыкӏи Шапсыгъэбзэ | |||||||
IPA | Cyrillic | IPA | Cyrillic | IPA | Cyrillic | IPA | Cyrillic | |
to boil, to plow | zʷan | зуэн | ʒʷan | жъон | ʒʷan | жъон | van | вэн |
stone, rock | məzʷa | мызуэ | məʑʷa | мыжъо | məʑʷa | мыжъо | məva | мывэ |
star | zʷaːʁʷa | зуагъо | ʑʷaːʁʷa | жъуагъо | ʑʷaːʁʷa | жъуагъо | vaːʁʷa | вагъуэ |
narrow | zazʷə | зэзу | zaʑʷə | зэжъу | zaʑʷə | зэжъу | zavə | зэвы |
wide | ʔʷəzʷə | ӏузу | ʔʷəʑʷə | ӏужъу | ʔʷəʑʷə | ӏужъу | ʔʷəvə | ӏувы |
- Адыгэбзэжъэ сӏу [sʷʼ] / цӏу [t͡sʷʼ] хъугъэ шӏу [ʃʷʼ] КӀахыбзэмкӏэ ыкӏи фӏ [fʼ] Къэбэрдеибзэкӏэ :
Инджылыбзэ | Адыгэбзэжъэ | КӀахыбзэ | Къэбэрдеибз | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
КӀэмыгуябзэ | Абдзахэбзэ ыкӏи Шапсыгъэбзэ | |||||||
IPA | Cyrillic | IPA | Cyrillic | IPA | Cyrillic | IPA | Cyrillic | |
well | sʷʼə | сӏу | ɕʷʼə | шӏу | ɕʷʼə | шӏу | fʼə | фӏы |
black | sʷʼət͡sʼa | сӏуцӏэ | ɕʷʼət͡sʼa | шӏуцӏэ | ɕʷʼət͡sʼa | шӏуцӏэ | fʼət͡sʼa | фӏыцӏэ |
fire | maːsʷʼa | масӏуэ | maːɕʷʼa | машӏо | maːɕʷʼa | машӏо | maːfʼa | мафӏэ |
dirty | sʷʼajə | сӏуэи | ɕʷʼajə | шӏои | ɕʷʼajə | шӏои | fʼej | фӏей |
- Адыгэбзэжъэ цу [t͡sʷ] къэнакъ КӀэмыгуябзэкӏэ. Ар хъугъэ чъу [t͡ʃʷ] адрэ КӀахыбзэмкӏэ ыкӏи в [v] Къэбэрдеибзэкӏэ :
Инджылыбзэ | Адыгэбзэжъэ | КӀахыбзэ | Къэбэрдеибз | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
КӀэмыгуябзэ | Абдзахэбзэ ыкӏи Шапсыгъэбзэ | |||||||
IPA | Cyrillic | IPA | Cyrillic | IPA | Cyrillic | IPA | Cyrillic | |
shoes | t͡sʷaːqa | цуакъэ | t͡sʷaːqa | цуакъэ | t͡ɕʷaːqa | чъуакъэ | vaːqa | вакъэ |
ox | t͡sʷə | цу | t͡sʷə | цу | t͡ɕʷə | чъу | və | вы |
ploughshare | t͡sʷaːbza | цуабзэ | t͡sʷaːbza | цуабзэ | t͡ɕʷaːbza | чъуабзэ | vaːbd͡za | вабзэ |
raven | t͡sʷəndə | цунды | t͡sʷəndə | цунды | ? | ? | vənd | вынд |
Хьарыф ф [f] КӀахыбзэмэ яхэтэр къэкӏэгъ Адыгэбзэжъэ хьарыф ху [xʷ]. Ар къэнагъ Къэбэрдейбзэхэмкӏэ.
Инджылыбзэ | Адыгэбзэжъэ | КӀахыбзэ | Къэбэрдеибз | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
КӀэмыгуябзэ | Абдзахэбзэ ыкӏи Шапсыгъэбзэ | |||||||
IPA | Cyrillic | IPA | Cyrillic | IPA | Cyrillic | IPA | Cyrillic | |
day | maːxʷa | махуэ | maːfa | мафэ | maːfa | мафэ | maːxʷa | махуэ |
white | xʷəʑə | хужьы | fəʑə | фыжьы | fəʑə | фыжьы | xʷəʑə | хужьы |
person | t͡sʼəxʷə | цӏыху | t͡sʼəfə | цӏыфы | t͡sʼəfə | цӏыфы | t͡sʼəxʷ | цӏыху |
hot | xʷaːba | хуабэ | faːba | фабэ | faːba | фабэ | xʷaːba | хуабэ |
corn | nartəxʷ | нартыху | nartəf | нартыф | natəf | натыф | nartəxʷ | нартыху |
like | xʷad | хуэд | fad | фэд | fad | фэд | xʷad | хуэд |
to want | xʷajan | хуэен | fajan | фэен | fajan | фэен | xʷajan | ? |
garlic | bʑənəxʷ | бжьыныху | bʑənəf | бжьыныф | bʑənəf | бжьыныф | bʑənəxʷ | бжьыныху |
man | χʷəɬxʷəʁa | хъулъхугъэ | χʷəɬfəʁa | хъулъфыгъэ | qʷəlfəʁa | къулфыгъэ | χʷəɬxʷəʁa | хъулъхугъэ |
woman | bzəɬxʷəʁa | бзылъхугъэ | bzəɬfəʁa | бзылъфыгъэ | bzəlfəʁa | бзылфыгъэ | bzəɬxʷəʁa | бзылъхугъэ |
tin | t͡saxʷ | цэху | t͡saf | цэф | t͡saf | цэф | d͡zːaxʷ | дзэху |
light | naxʷə(n) | нэху(н) | nafən | нэфын | nafna | нэфнэ | naxʷ | нэху |
straight man | zaːxʷa | захуэ | zaːfa | зафэ | zaːfa | зафэ | zaːxʷa | захуэ |
Uvular affricates
The consonant aspirated voiceless uvular stop [qʰ] ⟨къʰ⟩ and its labialized counterpart [qʰʷ] ⟨къʰу⟩ survived in Bzhedug. In the Temirgoy dialect they become къ [[[Script error: No such module "IPA symbol".|q]]] and къу [qʷ] while in Shapsug dialect they become хъ [[[Script error: No such module "IPA symbol".|χ]]] and хъу [χʷ]. In Kabardian they became affricate voiceless uvular affricate [q͡χ] ⟨кхъ⟩ and labialized voiceless uvular affricate [q͡χʷ] ⟨кхъу⟩.
Word | Proto-Circassian | Adyghe | Kabardian | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Temirgoy | Shapsug | Bzhedug | ||||||||
IPA | Cyrillic | IPA | Cyrillic | IPA | Cyrillic | IPA | Cyrillic | IPA | Cyrillic | |
son | qʷa | къо | qʷa | къо | qʷa | къо | qʷa | къо | qʷa | къуэ |
man | χʷəɬxʷəʁa | хъулъхугъэ | χʷəɬfəʁa | хъулъфыгъэ | qʷəlfəʁa | къулфыгъэ | χʷəɬfəʁa | хъулъфыгъэ | χʷəɬxʷəʁa | хъулъхугъэ |
grave | qʰa | къʰэ | qa | къэ | χa | хъэ | qʰa | къʰэ | q͡χa | кхъэ |
male | χʷə | хъу | χʷə | хъу | χʷə | хъу | χʷə | хъу | χʷə | хъу |
pig | qʰʷa | къʰо | qʷa | къо | χʷa | хъо | qʰʷa | къʰо | q͡χʷa | кхъуэ |
cheese | ? | ? | q͡ʷaːja | къуае | χʷaːja | хъуае | ? | ? | q͡χʷej | кхъуей |
voice/sound | ? | ? | maːqa | макъэ | maːχa | махъэ | ? | ? | maːq | макъ |
ship | ? | ? | qʷəħa | къухьэ | qʷaħ | къохь | ? | ? | q͡χʷaħ | кхъухь |
ant | ? | ? | qaːmzaɡʷ | къамзэгу | χaːnzaɡʷ | хъанзэгу | ? | ? | χʷəmpʼat͡sʼad͡ʒ | хъумпӏэцӏэдж |
peer | ? | ? | qʷəʐə | къужъы | qʷəʐə | къужъы | ? | ? | q͡χʷəʑə | кхъужьы |
Lateral affricates
In the Proto-Circassian there existed an alveolar lateral ejective affricate *[t͡ɬʼ]. This consonant survived in the Besleney dialect of Kabardian . In most Circassian dialects it become an alveolar lateral ejective fricative [ɬʼ].[4]
Word | Proto-Circassian | Adyghe | Kabardian | Besleney | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Temirgoy | Shapsug | Abzakh | ||||||||||
IPA | Cyrillic | IPA | Cyrillic | IPA | Cyrillic | IPA | Cyrillic | IPA | Cyrillic | IPA | Cyrillic | |
four | pt͡ɬʼə | птлӏы | pɬʼə | плӏы | pɬʼə | плӏы | pɬʼə | плӏы | pɬʼə | плӏы | pt͡ɬʼə | птлӏы |
to die | mat͡ɬʼan | мэтлӏэн | maɬʼan | мэлӏэн | maɬʼan | мэлӏэн | maɬʼan | мэлӏэн | maɬʼan | мэлӏэн | mat͡ɬʼan | мэтлӏэн |
man/husband | t͡ɬʼə | тлӏы | ɬʼə | лӏы | ɬʼə | лӏы | ɬʼə | лӏы | ɬʼə | лӏы | t͡ɬʼə | тлӏы |
There also existed voiced alveolar lateral affricate *[d͡ɮ] that become [ɣ] in Adyghe and [ʒ] in Kabardian and a palatalized voiced velar fricative *[ɣʲ] that become [ɣ] in Adyghe and [ʑ] in Kabardian.
Word | Proto-Circassian | Adyghe | Kabardian | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Temirgoy | Shapsug | Abzakh | ||||||||
IPA | Cyrillic | IPA | Cyrillic | IPA | Cyrillic | IPA | Cyrillic | IPA | Cyrillic | |
rip | t͡saːd͡ɮa | цадлэ | t͡saːɣa | цагэ | t͡saːɣa | цагэ | t͡saːɣa | цагэ | d͡zaːʒa | дзажэ |
to wash, to launder | ɣʲət͡ʃʼan | гыкӏэн | ɣət͡ʃʼan | гыкӏэн | ɣət͡ʃʼan | гыкӏэн | ɣət͡ʃʼan | гыкӏэн | ʑəɕʼan | жьыщӏэн |
Ejective plosive
The consonants glottal stop [ʔ] and labialized glottal stop [ʔʷ] in Proto-Circassian may have come from uvular ejective [qʼ] and labialized uvular ejective [qʷʼ]. In the Hakuchi dialect it is pronounced as [qʼ] and [qʷʼ].[5]
Word | Proto-Circassian | Ubykh | Adyghe | Kabardian | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
IPA | Cyrillic | IPA | Cyrillic | IPA | Cyrillic | ||
two | tʼqʷʼə ~ tʔʷə | тӏыкъӏу | tʼqʷʼa | tʷʼə | тӏу | tʼəw | тӏу |
to say | qʼan ~ ʔʷan | къӏуэн | qʼan | ʔʷan | ӏон | ʔʷan | ӏуэн |
hand | ʔa ~ qʼa | къӏэ | ? | ʔa | ӏэ | ʔa | ӏэ |
table | ʔaːna ~ qʼaːna | къӏанэ | ? | ʔaːna | ӏанэ | ʔaːna | ӏанэ |
hat | paːqʷʼa ~ paːʔʷa | пакъӏуэ | ? | paːʔʷa | паӏо | ? | ? |
Aspirated and tense
The reflexes of a series of obstruent consonants, described as "tense" or "geminate". In Kabardian, they become simple voiced consonants, while in Adyghe, the outcome depends on the dialect: in Bzhadugh, these remain as tense, in Temirgoy, they become simple voiceless consonants.
Aspirated consonants
- Proto-Circassian aspirated тʰ [[[Script error: No such module "IPA symbol".|tʰ]]] survived in the Bzhedug dialect and in other Circassian dialects it became plain т [[[Script error: No such module "IPA symbol".|t]]].
Word | Proto-Circassian | Adyghe | Kabardian | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bzhedug | Temirgoy, Abzakh and Shapsug | |||||||
IPA | Cyrillic | IPA | Cyrillic | IPA | Cyrillic | IPA | Cyrillic | |
respect | pχaːtʰa | пхъатʰэ | pχaːtʰa | пхъатʰэ | pχaːta | пхъатэ | - | - |
to disband | tʼatʰan | тӏэтʰэн | tʼatʰan | тӏэтʰэн | tʼatan | тӏэтэн | tʼatan | тӏэтэн |
to give | jatʰən | етʰын | jatʰən | етʰын | jatən | етын | jatən | етын |
to take | ʃtʰan | штʰэн | ʃtʰan | штʰэн | ʃtan | штэн | ɕtan | щтэн |
on | tʰajt | тʰет | tʰajt | тʰет | tajt | тет | tajt | тет |
smooth | t͡sʼaːsʷtʰa | цӏасутʰэ | t͡sʼaːʃʷtʰa | цӏашъутʰэ | t͡sʼaːʃʷta | цӏашъутэ | t͡sʼaːfta | цӏафтэ |
to afraid | ɕtʰan | щтʰэн | ɕtʰan | щтʰэн | ɕtan | щтэн | ɕtan | щтэн |
pillow | ʂħaːntʰa | шъхьантʰэ | ʂħaːntʰa | шъхьантʰэ | ʂħaːnta | шъхьантэ | ɕħaːta | щхьатэ |
- Proto-Circassian aspirated пʰ [[[Script error: No such module "IPA symbol".|pʰ]]] survived in the Bzhedug dialect and in other Circassian dialects it became plain п [[[Script error: No such module "IPA symbol".|p]]].
Word | Proto-Circassian | Adyghe | Kabardian | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bzhedug | Temirgoy and Abzakh | Shapsug | ||||||||
IPA | Cyrillic | IPA | Cyrillic | IPA | Cyrillic | IPA | Cyrillic | IPA | Cyrillic | |
sharp | pʰaːpt͡sʼa | пʰапцӏэ | pʰaːpʰt͡sʼa | пʰапцӏэ | paːpt͡sʼa | папцӏэ | paːpsʼa | папсӏэ | папцӏэ | paːpt͡sʼa |
arrogant | pʰaːɣa | пʰагэ | pʰaːɣa | пʰагэ | paːɣa | пагэ | paːɣa | пагэ | paːɣa | пагэ |
nose | pʰa | пʰэ | pʰa | пʰэ | pa | пэ | pa | пэ | pa | пэ |
- Proto-Circassian aspirated цʰ [[[Script error: No such module "IPA symbol".|t͡sʰ]]] survived in the Bzhedug dialect and in other Circassian dialects it became plain ц [[[Script error: No such module "IPA symbol".|t͡s]]].
Word | Proto-Circassian | Adyghe | Kabardian | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bzhedug | Temirgoy, Abzakh and Shapsug | |||||||
IPA | Cyrillic | IPA | Cyrillic | IPA | Cyrillic | IPA | Cyrillic | |
wool | t͡sʰə | цʰы | t͡sʰə | цʰы | t͡sə | цы | t͡sə | цы |
eyelash | nabzət͡sʰ | нэбзыцʰ | nabzət͡sʰ | нэбзыцʰ | nabzət͡s | нэбзыц | - | - |
- Proto-Circassian aspirated шʰ [[[Script error: No such module "IPA symbol".|ʃʰ]]] survived in the Bzhedug dialect. In other Adyghe dialects it became plain щ [[[Script error: No such module "IPA symbol".|ɕ]]] while in Kabardian it became plain ш [[[Script error: No such module "IPA symbol".|ʃ]]].
Word | Proto-Circassian | Adyghe | Kabardian | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bzhedug | Temirgoy, Abzakh and Shapsug | |||||||
IPA | Cyrillic | IPA | Cyrillic | IPA | Cyrillic | IPA | Cyrillic | |
milk | ʃʰa | шʰэ | ʃʰa | шʰэ | ɕa | щэ | ʃa | шэ |
lame | ɬaːʃʰa | лъашʰэ | ɬaːʃʰa | лъашʰэ | ɬaːɕa | лъащэ | ɬaːʃa | лъашэ |
salt | ʃʰəʁʷ | шʰыгъу | ʃʰəʁʷ | шʰыгъу | ɕəʁʷ | щыгъу | ʃəʁʷ | шыгъу |
cloud | pʃʰa | пшʰэ | pʃʰa | пшʰэ | pɕa | пщэ | pʃa | пшэ |
pus | ʃʰənə | шʰыны | ʃʰənə | шʰыны | - | - | ʃən | шын |
accordion | pʃʰəna | пшʰынэ | pʃʰəna | пшʰынэ | pɕəna | пщынэ | pʃəna | пшынэ |
fat | pʃʰarə | пшʰэры | pʃʰarə | пшʰэры | pɕarə | пщынэ | pʃar | пшэр |
wax | ʃʰaxʷə | шʰэху | ʃʰafə | шʰэфы | - | - | ʃaxʷə | шэху |
- Proto-Circassian aspirated voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate ч [t͡ɕʰ] become plain чъ [[[Script error: No such module "IPA symbol".|t͡ʂ]]] in Temirgoy and aspirated чъʰ [t͡ʂʰ] in Bzhedug dialect, ш [[[Script error: No such module "IPA symbol".|ʃ]]] in the Abzakh dialect and щӏ [[[Script error: No such module "IPA symbol".|ɕʼ]]] in the Kabardian dialect.[6]
Word | Proto-Circassian | Adyghe | Kabardian | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bzhedug | Temirgoy | Abzakh | Shapsug | |||||||||
IPA | Cyrillic | IPA | Cyrillic | IPA | Cyrillic | IPA | Cyrillic | IPA | Cyrillic | IPA | Cyrillic | |
cold | t͡ɕʰəʔa | чьʰыӏэ | t͡ʂʰəʔa | чъʰыӏэ | t͡ʂəʔa | чъыӏэ | ʃəʔa | шыӏэ | t͡ɕəʔa | чьыӏэ | ɕʼəʔa | щбыӏэ |
- Proto-Circassian aspirated чʰ [t͡ʃʰ] become ш [[[Script error: No such module "IPA symbol".|ʃ]]] in most Adyghe and Kabardian dialects but become aspirated шʰ [ʃʰ] in Bzhedug and чь [[[Script error: No such module "IPA symbol".|t͡ɕ]]] in Baslaney.
Word | Proto-Circassian | Adyghe | Kabardian | Baslaney | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bzhedug | Temirgoy, Abzakh and Shapsug | |||||||||
IPA | Cyrillic | IPA | Cyrillic | IPA | Cyrillic | IPA | Cyrillic | IPA | Cyrillic | |
horse brother |
t͡ʃʰə | чʰы | ʃʰə | шʰы | ʃə | шы | ʃə | шы | t͡ɕə | чьы |
wedding | nəsaːt͡ʃʰa | нысачʰэ | nəsaːʃʰa | нысашʰэ | nəsaːʃa | нысашэ | nəsaːʃa | нысашэ | nəsaːt͡ɕa | нысачьэ |
sister | t͡ʃʰəpχʷ | чʰыпхъу | ʃʰəpχʷ | шʰыпхъу | ʃəpχʷ | шыпхъу | ʃəpχʷ | шыпхъу | t͡ɕəpχʷ | чьыпхъу |
sand | pt͡ʃʰaːχʷa | пчʰахъо | pʃʰaːχʷa | пшʰахъо | pʃaːχʷa | пшахъо | pʃaːχʷa | пшахъуэ |
- Proto-Circassian aspirated кʰу [kʰʷ] survived in Bzhedug and in other Circassian dialects it became plain ку [[[Script error: No such module "IPA symbol".|kʷ]]].
Word | Proto-Circassian | Adyghe | Kabardian | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bzhedug | Temirgoy, Abzakh and Shapsug | |||||||
IPA | Cyrillic | IPA | Cyrillic | IPA | Cyrillic | IPA | Cyrillic | |
middle | kʰʷə | кʰу | kʰʷə | кʰу | kʷə | ку | kʷə | ку |
thigh | kʰʷa | кʰо | kʰʷa | кʰо | kʷa | ко | kʷa | куэ |
Tense consonants
- Proto-Circassian plain voiceless alveolar stop т [[[Script error: No such module "IPA symbol".|t]]] become voiced д [[[Script error: No such module "IPA symbol".|d]]] in the Kabardian dialect.
Word | Proto-Circassian | Adyghe | Kabardian | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Temirgoy, Abzakh and Bzhedug | Shapsug | |||||||
IPA | Cyrillic | IPA | Cyrillic | IPA | Cyrillic | IPA | Cyrillic | |
we | ta | тэ | ta | тэ | ta | тэ | da | дэ |
shoulder | taːma | тамэ | taːma | тамэ | taːma | тамэ | daːma | дамэ |
sun | təʁa | тыгъэ | təʁa | тыгъэ | təʁa | тыгъэ | dəʁa | дыгъэ |
Kabardian | qabartaːj | къэбэртай | qabartaːj | къэбэртай | qabartaːj | къэбэртай | qabardej | къэбэрдей |
leader | tʰħamaːta | тʰхьэматэ | tħamaːta | тхьэматэ | tħamaːta | тхьэматэ | tħamaːda | тхьэмадэ |
garden | xaːta | хатэ | xaːta | хатэ | xaːta | хатэ | xaːda | хадэ |
rooster, cock | ataːqa | атакъэ | ataːqa | атакъэ | атакъэ | ataːqa | adaːqa | адакъэ |
duck | pʰsəkʲat | псыкьэт | psət͡ʃat | псычэт | psəkʲat | псыкьэт | psəd͡ʒad | псыджэд |
silver | təʑən | тыжьын | təʑənə | тыжьыны | təʑən | тыжьын | dəʑən | дыжьын |
yesterday | təʁʷaːsa | тыгъуасэ | təʁʷaːsa | тыгъуасэ | təʁʷaːsa | тыгъуасэ | dəʁʷaːsa | дыгъуасэ |
wolf | təʁʷəʐ | тыгъужъ | təʁʷəʐ | тыгъужъ | təʁʷəʐ | тыгъужъ | dəʁʷəʑ | дыгъужъ |
chicken | kʲat | кьэт | t͡ʃat | чэт | kʲat | кьэт | d͡ʒad | джэд |
cat | kʲatəw | кьэтыу | t͡ʃatəw | чэтыу | kʲatəw | кьэтыу | d͡ʒadəw | джэдыу |
hard | pəta | пытэ | pəta | пытэ | pəta | пытэ | bəda | быдэ |
- Proto-Circassian plain voiceless bilabial stop п [[[Script error: No such module "IPA symbol".|p]]] become voiced б [[[Script error: No such module "IPA symbol".|b]]] in the Kabardian dialect.
Word | Proto-Circassian | Adyghe | Kabardian | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Temirgoy and Bzhedug | Shapsug | |||||||
IPA | Cyrillic | IPA | Cyrillic | IPA | Cyrillic | IPA | Cyrillic | |
glass | ʔaːpkʲ | апкь | ʔaːpt͡ʃ | апч | ʔaːpkʲ | апкь | абдж | ʔaːbd͡ʒ |
today | nəjapa | ныепэ | najpa | непэ | napa | нэпэ | nawba | нобэ |
thorn | paːna | панэ | paːna | панэ | ? | ? | baːna | банэ |
hard | pəta | пытэ | pəta | пытэ | pəta | пытэ | bəda | быдэ |
goat | pt͡ʃan | пчэн | pt͡ʃanə | пчэны | pt͡ʃan | пчэн | bʒan | бжэн |
enemy | pəj | пый | pəj | пый | pəj | пый | bəj | бий |
to count | pt͡ʂən | пчъын | pt͡ʂən | пчъын | pt͡ɕən | пчьын | bʒən | бжын |
- Proto-Circassian plain voiceless alveolar affricate ц [t͡s] become voiced дз [[[Script error: No such module "IPA symbol".|d͡z]]] in the Kabardian dialect.
Word | Proto-Circassian | Adyghe | Kabardian | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
IPA | Cyrillic | IPA | Cyrillic | IPA | Cyrillic | |
tooth | t͡sa | цэ | t͡sa | цэ | d͡za | дзэ |
mouse | t͡səʁʷa | цыгъо | t͡səʁʷa | цыгъо | d͡zəʁʷa | дзыгъуэ |
fish | pt͡saʐəja | пцэжъые | pt͡saʐəja | пцэжъые | bd͡zaʑəj | бдзэжьей |
grass | wət͡sə | уцы | wət͡sə | уцы | wəd͡zə | удзы |
green | wət͡səsʷa | уцысуэ | wət͡səɕʷa | уцышъо | wəd͡zəfa | удзыфэ |
- Proto-Circassian voiceless palato-alveolar affricate ч [t͡ʃ] become щ [[[Script error: No such module "IPA symbol".|ɕ]]] in the Abzakh dialect and ж [[[Script error: No such module "IPA symbol".|ʒ]]] in the Kabardian dialect.[7]
Word | Proto-Circassian | Adyghe | Kabardian | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Temirgoy, Shapsug and Bzhedug | Abzakh | |||||||
IPA | Cyrillic | IPA | Cyrillic | IPA | Cyrillic | IPA | Cyrillic | |
cow | t͡ʃam | чэм | t͡ʃamə | чэмы | ɕam | щэм | ʒam | жэм |
spear | pt͡ʃə | пчы | pt͡ʃə | пчы | pɕə | пщы | bʒə | бжы |
goat | pt͡ʃan | пчэн | pt͡ʃanə | пчэны | pɕanə | пщэны | bʒan | бжэн |
village | t͡ʃəɮa | чылэ | t͡ʃəɮa | чылэ | ɕəla | щылэ | ʒəɮa | жылэ |
night | t͡ʃaɕ | чэщ | t͡ʃaɕ | чэщ | ɕaɕə | щэщы | ʒaɕ | жэщ |
Proto-Circassian plain voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate ч [t͡ɕ] also become чъ [[[Script error: No such module "IPA symbol".|t͡ʂ]]] in the Temirgoy and Bzhedug dialect, ш [[[Script error: No such module "IPA symbol".|ʃ]]] in the Abzakh dialect but ж [[[Script error: No such module "IPA symbol".|ʒ]]] in the Kabardian dialect.[8]
Word | Proto-Circassian | Adyghe | Kabardian | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bzhedug | Temirgoy | Abzakh | Shapsug | |||||||||
IPA | Cyrillic | IPA | Cyrillic | IPA | Cyrillic | IPA | Cyrillic | IPA | Cyrillic | IPA | Cyrillic | |
to run | t͡ɕan | чьэн | t͡ʂan | чъэн | t͡ʂan | чъэн | ʃan | шэн | t͡ɕan | чьэн | ʒan | жэн |
- Proto-Circassian plain voiceless retroflex affricate чъ [t͡ʂ] become чь [[[Script error: No such module "IPA symbol".|t͡ɕ]]] in Shapsug and Abzakh, ж [[[Script error: No such module "IPA symbol".|ʒ]]] in the Kabardian and дж [[[Script error: No such module "IPA symbol".|d͡ʒ]]] in the Baslaney dialect.
Word | Proto-Circassian | Adyghe | Kabardian | Baslaney | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bzhedug | Temirgoy | Abzakh and Shapsug | ||||||||||
IPA | Cyrillic | IPA | Cyrillic | IPA | Cyrillic | IPA | Cyrillic | IPA | Cyrillic | IPA | Cyrillic | |
tree | t͡ʂəɣə | чъыгы | t͡ʂəɣə | чъыгы | t͡ʂəɡə | чъыгы | t͡ɕəɣ | чьыг | ʒəɣ | жыг | d͡ʒəɣ | джьыг |
- Proto-Circassian plain ку [kʷ] became voiced гу [ɡʷ] in the Kabardian dialects :
Word | Proto-Circassian | Adyghe | Shapsug | Kabardian | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
IPA | Cyrillic | IPA | Cyrillic | IPA | Cyrillic | IPA | Cyrillic | |
twig | ? | ? | kʷaːma | куамэ | ? | ? | ɡʷaːna | гуанэ |
group | kʷarta | кортэ | kʷart | корт | ? | ? | ɡʷarta | гуэрт |
pitchfork | kʷaːχʷa | куахъо | kʷaːχʷa | куахъо | kʷaːχʷa | куахъо | ɡʷarta | гуахъуэ |
wheat | kʷat͡s | коц | kʷat͡sə | коцы | kʷat͡s | коц | ɡʷad͡z | гуэдз |
short | kʲʼaːkʷa | кӏьако | t͡ʃʼaːkʷa | кӏако | kʲʼaːkʷa | кӏьако | t͡ʃʼaːɡʷa | кӏагуэ |
Other noticeable changes
- Proto-Circassian palato-alveolar ejective affricate кӏ [tʃʼ] become a palatalized glottal stop ӏь [ʔʲ] in the Abzakh dialect and an alveolo-palatal ejective fricative щӏ [ɕʼ] in the Kabardain dialect.[9]
Word | Proto-Circassian | Adyghe | Kabardian | Baslaney | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Temirgoy, Shapsug and Bzhedug | Abzakh | |||||||||
IPA | Cyrillic | IPA | Cyrillic | IPA | Cyrillic | IPA | Cyrillic | IPA | Cyrillic | |
young man, boy | t͡ʃʼaːɮa | кӏалэ | t͡ʃʼaːɮa | кӏалэ | ʔʲaːla | ӏьалэ | ɕʼaːɮa | щӏалэ | t͡ʃʼaːla | кӏалэ |
guest | ħaːt͡ʃʼa | хьакӏэ | ħaːt͡ʃʼa | хьакӏэ | ħaːʔʲa | хьаӏьэ | ħaːɕʼa | хьащӏэ | ħaːt͡ʃʼa | хьакӏэ |
few | maːt͡ʃʼa | макӏэ | maːt͡ʃʼa | макӏэ | maːʔʲa | маӏьэ | maːɕʼa | мащӏэ | maːt͡ʃʼa | макӏэ |
to regret | t͡ʃʼaʁʷaʑən | кӏэгъожьын | t͡ʃʼaʁʷaʑən | кӏэгъожьын | ʔʲaʁʷaʑən | ӏьэгъожьын | ɕʼaʁʷaʒən | щӏэгъуэжын | t͡ʃʼaʁʷaʑən | кӏэгъуэжьын |
stands under | t͡ʃʼat | чӏэт | t͡ʃʼat | чӏэт | ʔʲat | ӏьэт | ɕʼat | щӏэт | t͡ʃʼat | кӏэт |
sits under | t͡ʃʼas | чӏэс | t͡ʃʼas | чӏэс | ʔʲas | ӏьэс | ɕʼas | щӏэс | t͡ʃʼas | кӏэс |
lies under | t͡ʃʼaɬ | чӏэлъ | t͡ʃʼaɬ | чӏэлъ | ʔʲaɬ | ӏьэлъ | ɕʼaɬ | щӏэлъ | t͡ʃʼaɬ | кӏэлъ |
to ask | t͡ʃʼawpt͡ʃʼan | кӏэупчӏэн | t͡ʃʼawpt͡ʃʼan | кӏэупчӏэн | ʔʲawpt͡ʃʼan | ӏьэупчӏэн | ɕʼawpt͡ʃʼan | щӏэупкӏэн | t͡ʃʼawpt͡ʃʼan | кӏэупчӏэн |
fast | psənt͡ʃʼa | псынкӏэ | psənt͡ʃʼa | псынкӏэ | ? | ? | psənɕʼa | псынщӏэ | psənt͡ʃʼa | псынкӏэ |
- Proto-Circassian дж [[[Script error: No such module "IPA symbol".|d͡ʒ]]] survived in the Adyghe diaelcts, but became ж [[[Script error: No such module "IPA symbol".|ʒ]]] in the Kabardian dialect. Proto-Circassian джь [[[Script error: No such module "IPA symbol".|d͡ʑ]]] became дж [[[Script error: No such module "IPA symbol".|d͡ʒ]]] in Adyghe and жь [[[Script error: No such module "IPA symbol".|ʑ]]] in Kabardian. The дж [[[Script error: No such module "IPA symbol".|d͡ʒ]]] in Kabardian derives from Proto-Circassian plain кь [[[Script error: No such module "IPA symbol".|kʲ]]] and гь [[[Script error: No such module "IPA symbol".|ɡʲ]]].
Word | Proto-Circassian | Adyghe | Kabardian | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
IPA | Cyrillic | IPA | Cyrillic | IPA | Cyrillic | |
friend | nəbd͡ʑaʁʷ | ныбджьэгъу | nəbd͡ʒaʁʷ | ныбджэгъу | nəbʑaʁʷ | ныбжьэгъу |
fox | baːd͡ʒa | баджэ | baːd͡ʒa | баджэ | baːʒa | бажэ |
arch, bridge | ɬaməd͡ʒ | лъэмыдж | ɬaməd͡ʒ | лъэмыдж | ɬaməʒ | лъэмыж |
flour | ħad͡ʒəʁa | хьэджыгъэ | ħaːd͡ʒəʁa | хьаджыгъэ | ħaʒəʁa | хьэжыгъэ |
knee | ɬaɡʷaːnd͡ʒa | лъэгуанджэ | ɬaɡʷaːnd͡ʒa | лъэгуанджэ | ɬaɡʷaːnʒa | лъэгуанжэ |
village | qʷaːd͡ʒa | къуаджэ | qʷaːd͡ʒa | къуаджэ | qʷaːʒa | къуажэ |
- Proto-Circassian palatalized voiceless uvular fricative хъь [χʲ] become хь [[[Script error: No such module "IPA symbol".|ħ]]] in most Adyghe dialects and in some Kabardian dialects it became to хъ [[[Script error: No such module "IPA symbol".|χ]]].
Word | Proto-Circassian | Adyghe | Kabardian | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
IPA | Cyrillic | IPA | Cyrillic | IPA | Cyrillic | |
more | naχʲ | нэхъь | naːħ | нахь | naχ | нэхъ |
older brother | ʃənaχʲəʐ | шынэхъьыжъ | ʃənaħəʐ | шынахьыжъ | ʃənaχəʑ | шынэхъыжь |
younger brother | ʃənaχʲət͡ʃʼ | шынэхъьыкӏ | ʃənaħət͡ʃ | шынахьыкӏ | ʃənaχəɕʼ | шынэхъыщӏ |
Grammar
Noun instrumental case
The suffix that was added for instrumental case nouns was -мгьэ (-mɡʲa) or -гьэ (-gʲa). In most western and eastern Circassian dialects it became -мкӏэ (-mt͡ʃa) or -кӏэ (-t͡ʃa) (e.g. Abzakh, Temirgoy and literary Kabardian), while in some other dialects (e.g. Bzhedug) it became -мджэ (-md͡ʒa) or -джэ (-d͡ʒa).
For example:
Meaning | Proto-Circassian | Shapsug | Most dialects | Bzhedug | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cyrillic | IPA | Cyrillic | IPA | Cyrillic | IPA | Cyrillic | IPA | |
(using) Adyghe language | адыгэбзэгьэ | aːdəɣabzagʲa | адыгэбзэгьэ | aːdəɣabzagʲa | адыгэбзэкӀэ | aːdəɣabzat͡ʃa | адыгэбзэджэ | aːdəɣabzad͡ʒa |
with (using) the pencil | къэлэмымгьэ | qalaməmgʲa | къэлэмымгьэ | qalaməmgʲa | къэлэмымкIэ | qalaməmt͡ʃa | къэлэмымджэ | qalaməmd͡ʒa |
Numbers
English | Proto-Circassian | Ubykh | Adyghe | Kabardian | Baslaney | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Temirgoy and Bzhedug | Shapsug and Abzakh | |||||||||||
IPA | Cyrillic | IPA | Cyrillic | IPA | Cyrillic | IPA | Cyrillic | IPA | Cyrillic | IPA | Cyrillic | |
One | zə | зы | za | зэ | zə | зы | zə | зы | zə | зы | zə | зы |
Two | tʷʼə | тӏу | tʼqʷʼa | ткъӏуа | tʷʼə | тӏу | tʷʼə | тӏу | tʼəw | тӏу | ? | тӏу |
Three | ɕə | щы | ʂa | шъа | ɕə | щы | ɕə | щы | ɕə | щы | ɕə | щы |
Four | pt͡ɬʼə | птлӏы | pʼɬʼə | плӏы | pɬʼə | плӏы | pɬʼə | плӏы | pɬʼə | плӏы | pt͡ɬʼə | птлӏы |
Five | txʷə | тху | ɕxə | щхы | tfə | тфы | tfə | тфы | txʷə | тху | txʷə | тху |
Six | xə | хы | fə | фы | xə | хы | xə | хы | xə | хы | xə | хы |
Seven | bɮə | блы | blə | бльы | bɮə | блы | blə | бльы | bɮə | блы | blə | бльы |
Eight | jə | и | ʁʷa | гъуа | jə | и | jə | и | jə | и | jə | и |
Nine | bʁʷə | бгъу | bʁʲə | бгъьу | bʁʷə | бгъу | bʁʷə | бгъу | bʁʷə | бгъу | bʁʷə | бгъу |
Ten | pʃʼə | пшӏы | ʑʷə | жъуы | pʃʼə | пшӏы | pʃʼə | пшӏы | pɕʼə | пщӏы | pʃʼə | пшӏы |
See also
References
- ↑ Консонантная система уляпского говора в сопоставлении с аналогами других диалектов адыгских языков
- ↑ Палатализация (смягчение) и аффрикатизация согласных
- ↑ Переднеязычные мягкие шипящие аффрикаты дж, ч, к1
- ↑ UCLA Phonetics Lab Archive - Recording Details for Kabardian Baslanei dialect. In the first word list called kbd_word-list_1970_01.html the word "dress" is pronounced as /ɡʲaːna/ compare to Standard Kabardian /d͡ʒaːna/. The words "man" and "quarter" are pronounced as /t͡ɬʼə/ and /pt͡ɬʼaːna/ compare to Standard Kabardian /ɬʼə/ and /pɬʼaːna/
- ↑ Ларингализация
- ↑ Спирантизация аффрикат
- ↑ Спирантизация аффрикат
- ↑ Спирантизация аффрикат
- ↑ Переднеязычные мягкие шипящие аффрикаты дж, ч, к1
- STAROSTIN, Sergei A.; NIKOLAYEV, Sergei L. (1994). A North Caucasian Etymological Dictionary: Preface.