Адыгэбзэжъэр йэ Прото-Адыгэбзэр (ин-бз. Proto-Circassian language) Адыгэхэмэ я бзэжъэр. кӀах псэлъэкӀэмрэ Къэбэрдей псэлъэкӀэмрэ я адэ бзэр.
Фонология
Согласныехэр
Адыгэхэбзэжъэ |
Cyrillic |
КӀахыбзэ |
Къэбэрдеибзэ
|
Бжъэдыгъубзэ |
КӀэмыгуябзэ |
Абдзахэбзэ |
Шапсыгъэбзэ |
Къэбэрдеибзэ |
Бэслъыныйбзэ
|
Aspirated consonants
|
*pʰ |
пʰ |
pʰ ⟨п⟩ |
p ⟨п⟩ |
p ⟨п⟩
|
*tʰ |
тʰ |
tʰ ⟨тʰ⟩ |
t ⟨т⟩ |
t ⟨т⟩
|
*t͡sʰ |
цʰ |
t͡sʰ ⟨цʰ⟩ |
t͡s ⟨ц⟩ |
t͡s ⟨ц⟩
|
*t͡sʰʷ |
цʰу |
t͡ɕʰʷ ⟨чъʰу⟩ |
t͡sʷ ⟨цу⟩ |
t͡ɕʷ ⟨чъу⟩ |
f ⟨f⟩ |
|
*t͡ɕʰ |
чьʰ |
t͡ʂʰ ⟨чъʰ⟩ |
t͡ʂ ⟨чъ⟩ |
ʃ ⟨ш⟩ |
t͡ɕ ⟨чь⟩ |
ɕʼ ⟨щӏ⟩ |
|
*t͡ʂʰ |
чъʰ |
ʂʰ ⟨шъʰ⟩ |
ʂ ⟨шъ⟩ |
ʃ ⟨ш⟩ |
|
*t͡ʃʰ |
чʰ |
ʃʰ ⟨шʰ⟩ |
ʃ ⟨ш⟩ |
ʃ ⟨ш⟩ |
t͡ɕ ⟨чь⟩
|
*ʃʰ |
шʰ |
ʃʰ ⟨шʰ⟩ |
ɕ ⟨щ⟩ |
ʃ ⟨ш⟩ |
|
*ʂʰ |
шъʰ |
ʂʰ ⟨шъʰ⟩ |
ʂ ⟨шъ⟩ |
ɕ ⟨щ⟩ |
|
*kʰʲ |
кьʰ |
t͡ʃʰ ⟨чʰ⟩ |
t͡ʃ ⟨ч⟩ |
kʲ ⟨кь⟩ |
t͡ʃ ⟨ч⟩ |
kʲ ⟨кь⟩
|
*kʰʷ |
кʰу |
kʰʷ ⟨кʰу⟩ |
kʷ ⟨ку⟩ |
kʷ ⟨ку⟩
|
*qʰ |
къʰ |
qʰ ⟨къʰ⟩ |
q ⟨къ⟩ |
χ ⟨хъ⟩ |
q͡χ ⟨кхъ⟩ |
|
*qʰʷ |
къʰу |
qʰʷ ⟨къʰу⟩ |
q ⟨къ⟩ |
χʷ ⟨хъу⟩ |
q͡χʷ ⟨кхъу⟩ |
|
|
Geminate stops and affricates
|
*p |
п |
p ⟨п⟩ |
b ⟨б⟩
|
*t |
т |
t ⟨т⟩ |
d ⟨д⟩
|
*t͡s |
ц |
t͡s ⟨ц⟩ |
d͡z ⟨дз⟩
|
*t͡sʷ |
цу |
t͡ɕʷ ⟨чъу⟩ |
t͡sʷ ⟨цу⟩ |
t͡ɕʷ ⟨чъу⟩ |
v ⟨в⟩
|
*t͡ʂ |
чъ |
t͡ʂ ⟨чъ⟩ |
t͡ɕ ⟨чь⟩ |
ʒ ⟨ж⟩ |
d͡ʒ ⟨дж⟩
|
*t͡ʃ |
ч |
t͡ʃ ⟨ч⟩ |
ɕ ⟨щ⟩ |
t͡ʃ ⟨ч⟩ |
ʒ ⟨ж⟩
|
*t͡ɕ |
чь |
t͡ʂ ⟨чъ⟩ |
ʃ ⟨ш⟩ |
t͡ɕ ⟨чь⟩ |
ʒ ⟨ж⟩ |
|
*kʲ |
кь |
t͡ʃ ⟨ч⟩ |
kʲ ⟨кь⟩ |
d͡ʒ ⟨дж⟩ |
kʲ ⟨кь⟩
|
*kʷ |
ку |
kʷ ⟨ку⟩ |
ɡʷ ⟨гу⟩
|
*q |
къ |
q ⟨къ⟩ |
q ⟨къ⟩ |
|
*qʷ |
къу |
qʷ ⟨къу⟩ |
qʷ ⟨къу⟩ |
|
*ʔ |
ӏ or къӏ |
ʔ ⟨ӏ⟩ |
ʔ ⟨ӏ⟩
|
*ʔʷ |
ӏу or къӏу |
ʔʷ ⟨ӏу⟩ |
ʔʷ ⟨ӏу⟩
|
|
Geminate voiced stops and affricates
|
*b |
б |
b ⟨б⟩ |
b ⟨б⟩
|
*d |
д |
d ⟨д⟩ |
d ⟨д⟩
|
*d͡ɮ |
дл |
ɣ ⟨г⟩ |
ʒ ⟨ж⟩ |
|
*d͡z |
дз |
d͡z ⟨дз⟩ |
d͡z ⟨дз⟩
|
*d͡zʷ |
дзу |
ʑʷ ⟨жъу⟩ |
d͡zʷ ⟨дзу⟩ |
ʑʷ ⟨жъу⟩ |
v ⟨в⟩
|
*d͡ʑ |
джь |
d͡ʒ ⟨дж⟩ |
ʑ ⟨жь⟩ |
|
*d͡ʒ |
дж |
d͡ʒ ⟨дж⟩ |
ʒ ⟨ж⟩ |
|
*ɡʲ |
гь |
d͡ʒ ⟨дж⟩ |
ɡʲ ⟨гь⟩ |
d͡ʒ ⟨дж⟩ |
ɡʲ ⟨гь⟩
|
*ɡʷ |
гу |
ɡʷ ⟨гу⟩ |
ɡʷ ⟨гу⟩
|
|
Ejective stops and affricates
|
*pʼ |
пӏ |
pʼ ⟨пӏ⟩ |
pʼ ⟨пӏ⟩
|
*pʷʼ |
пӏу |
pʷʼ ⟨пӏу⟩ |
pʼ ⟨пӏ⟩ |
pʼ ⟨пӏ⟩
|
*tʼ |
тӏ |
tʼ ⟨тӏ⟩ |
tʼ ⟨тӏ⟩
|
*tʷʼ |
тӏу |
tʷʼ ⟨тӏу⟩ |
tʼ ⟨тӏ⟩
|
*t͡sʼ |
цӏ |
t͡sʼ ⟨цӏ⟩ |
t͡sʼ ⟨цӏ⟩ / sʼ ⟨сӏ⟩ |
t͡sʼ ⟨цӏ⟩
|
*t͡sʷʼ / sʷʼ |
цӏу or сӏу |
ɕʷʼ ⟨шӏу⟩ |
fʼ ⟨фӏ⟩
|
*t͡ʃʼ |
кӏ |
t͡ʃʼ ⟨кӏ⟩ |
ʔʲ ⟨ӏь⟩ / tʃʼ ⟨кӏ⟩ |
tʃʼ ⟨кӏ⟩ |
ɕʼ ⟨щӏ⟩ |
t͡ʃʼ ⟨кӏ⟩
|
*t͡ɕʼ |
чьӏ |
ʃʼ ⟨шӏ⟩ |
ɕʼ ⟨щӏ⟩ |
|
*t͡ʂʼ |
чӏ |
t͡ʂʼ ⟨чӏ⟩ |
ɕʼ ⟨щӏ⟩ |
|
*t͡ɬʼ |
тлӏ |
ɬʼ ⟨лӏ⟩ |
ɬʼ ⟨лӏ⟩ |
t͡ɬʼ ⟨тлӏ⟩
|
*kʲʼ |
кӏь |
t͡ʃʼ ⟨кӏ⟩ |
kʲʼ ⟨кӏь⟩ |
t͡ʃʼ ⟨кӏ⟩ |
kʲʼ ⟨кӏь⟩
|
*kʷʼ |
кӏу |
kʷʼ ⟨кӏу⟩ |
kʷʼ ⟨кӏу⟩
|
|
Voiceless fricatives
|
*ɬ |
лъ |
ɬ ⟨лъ⟩ |
ɬ ⟨лъ⟩
|
*s |
с |
s ⟨с⟩ |
s ⟨с⟩
|
*sʷ |
су |
ɕʷ ⟨шъу⟩ |
f ⟨ф⟩
|
*ʃ |
ш |
ʃ ⟨ш⟩ |
ɕ ⟨щ⟩ |
|
*ʂ |
шъ |
ʂ ⟨шъ⟩ |
ɕ ⟨щ⟩ |
|
*ɕ |
щ |
ɕ ⟨щ⟩ |
ɕ ⟨щ⟩
|
*x |
х |
x ⟨х⟩ |
x ⟨х⟩
|
*xʷ |
ху |
f ⟨ф⟩ |
xʷ ⟨ху⟩
|
*χ |
хъ |
χ ⟨хъ⟩ |
χ ⟨хъ⟩
|
*χʷ |
хъу |
χʷ ⟨хъу⟩ |
χʷ ⟨хъу⟩
|
*χʲ |
хъь |
ħ ⟨хь⟩ |
χ ⟨хъ⟩ |
ħ ⟨хь⟩
|
*ħ |
хь |
ħ ⟨хь⟩ |
ħ ⟨хь⟩
|
|
Voiced fricatives
|
*ɮ |
л |
l~ɮ ⟨ль~л⟩ |
ɮ ⟨л⟩ |
l ⟨ль⟩ |
ɮ ⟨л⟩ |
l ⟨ль⟩
|
*z |
з |
z ⟨з⟩ |
z ⟨з⟩
|
*zʷ |
зу |
ʑʷ ⟨жъу⟩ |
v ⟨в⟩
|
*ʒ |
ж |
ʒ ⟨ж⟩ |
ʑ ⟨жь⟩ |
|
*ʐ |
жъ |
ʐ ⟨жъ⟩ |
ʑ ⟨жь⟩ |
|
*ʑ |
жь |
ʑ ⟨жь⟩ |
ʑ ⟨жь⟩ |
|
*ɣ |
г |
ɣ ⟨г⟩ |
ɣ ⟨г⟩
|
*ɣʲ |
г |
ɣ ⟨г⟩ |
ʑ ⟨жь⟩ |
|
*ʁ |
гъ |
ʁ ⟨гъ⟩ |
ʁ ⟨гъ⟩
|
*ʁʷ |
гъу |
ʁʷ ⟨гъу⟩ |
ʁʷ ⟨гъу⟩
|
|
Resonants
|
*m |
м |
m ⟨м⟩ |
m ⟨м⟩
|
*n |
н |
n ⟨н⟩ |
n ⟨н⟩
|
*r |
р |
r ⟨р⟩ |
r ⟨р⟩
|
*j |
й |
j ⟨й⟩ |
j ⟨й⟩
|
*w |
у |
w ⟨у⟩ |
w ⟨у⟩
|
Palatovelar consonants
Адыгэбзэжъымкӏэ щыӏагъ гь [ɡʲ], аспирированный кьʰ [kʰʲ], кь [kʲ] ыкӏи кӏь [kʲʼ] хьарыфхэр. Шапсыгъэбзэмкӏи Бэслъыныйбзэкӏи щыӏэх гь [ɡʲ], кь [kʲ] ыкӏи кӏь [kʲʼ] хьарыфхэр.[1] Адгэ Адыгэбзэхэмкӏэ ахэр хъугъэх дж [d͡ʒ], ч [t͡ʃ] ыкӏи кӏ [t͡ʃʼ].[2][3] Адыгэбзэжъэ кь [kʲ] хъугъэ дж [d͡ʒ] къэбэрдейкӏэ (кь [kʲ] → ч [t͡ʃ] → дж [d͡ʒ]).
- Адыгэбзэжъэ аспирированный кьʰ [kʰʲ] хъугъэ аспирированный чʰ [t͡ʃʰ] Бжъэдыгъубзэкӏэ, кь [kʲ] Шапсыгъэбзэкӏэ ыкӏи ч [t͡ʃ] адрэ адыгэбзэхэмкӏэ :
Инджылыбзэ
|
Адыгэбзэжъэ
|
КӀахыбзэ
|
Къэбэрдеибзэ
|
Бжъэдыгъубзэ
|
КӀэмыгуябзэ ыкӏи Абдзахэбзэ
|
Шапсыгъэбзэ
|
IPA
|
Cyrillic
|
IPA
|
Cyrillic
|
IPA
|
Cyrillic
|
IPA
|
Cyrillic
|
IPA
|
Cyrillic
|
spleen |
kʰʲa |
кьʰэ |
t͡ʃʰa |
чʰэ |
t͡ʃa |
чэ |
kʲa |
кьэ |
t͡ʃa |
чэ
|
brushwood twig |
kʰʲə |
кьʰы |
t͡ʃʰə |
чʰы |
t͡ʃə |
чы |
kʲə |
кьы |
t͡ʃə |
чы
|
to cough |
pskʰʲan |
пскьʰэн |
pst͡ʃʰan |
псчʰэн |
pst͡ʃan |
псчэн |
pskʲan |
пскьэн |
pst͡ʃan |
псчэн
|
- Proto-Circassian кь [[[Script error: No such module "IPA symbol".|kʲ]]] survived in Shapsug. In other Adyghe dialects it became ч [[[Script error: No such module "IPA symbol".|t͡ʃ]]] and in Kabardian it became дж [[[Script error: No such module "IPA symbol".|d͡ʒ]]] :
Word
|
Proto-Circassian
|
Adyghe
|
Kabardian
|
Temirgoy and Abzakh
|
Shapsug
|
IPA
|
Cyrillic
|
IPA
|
Cyrillic
|
IPA
|
Cyrillic
|
IPA
|
Cyrillic
|
chicken |
kʲatə |
кьэты |
t͡ʃatə |
чэты |
kʲat |
кьэт |
d͡ʒad |
джэд
|
cat |
kʲatəw |
кьэтыу |
t͡ʃatəw |
чэтыу |
kʲatəw |
кьэтыу |
d͡ʒadəw |
джэдыу
|
glass |
ʔaːpkʲ |
апкь |
ʔaːpt͡ʃ |
апч |
ʔaːpkʲ |
апкь |
ʔaːbd͡ʒ |
абдж
|
to spin |
ʁakʲarazən |
гъэкьэрэзын |
ʁat͡ʃarazən |
гъэчэрэзын |
ʁakʲarazən |
гъэкьэрэзын |
ʁad͡ʒarazən |
гъэджэрэзын
|
cheerful |
kʲaxʷə |
кьэху |
чэфы |
t͡ʃafə |
кьэфы |
kʲafə |
d͡ʒaxʷə |
джэху
|
- Proto-Circassian кӏь [[[Script error: No such module "IPA symbol".|kʲʼ]]] survived in Shapsug. In other Circassian dialects it became кӏ [[[Script error: No such module "IPA symbol".|t͡ʃʼ]]] :
Word
|
Proto-Circassian
|
Adyghe
|
Kabardian
|
Temirgoy and Abzakh
|
Shapsug
|
IPA
|
Cyrillic
|
IPA
|
Cyrillic
|
IPA
|
Cyrillic
|
IPA
|
Cyrillic
|
egg |
kʲʼankʲʼa |
кӏьэнкӏьэ |
t͡ʃʼant͡ʃʼa |
кӏэнкӏэ |
kʲʼaːkʲʼa |
кӏьакӏьэ |
t͡ʃʼant͡ʃʼa |
кӏэнкӏэ
|
gun |
kʲʼaraːχʷa |
кӏьэрахъо |
t͡ʃʼaraːχʷa |
кӏэрахъо |
kʲʼaraːχʷa |
кӏьэрахъо |
t͡ʃʼaraːχʷa |
кӏэрахъуэ
|
long |
kʲʼəħa |
кӏьыхьэ |
t͡ʃʼəħa |
кӏыхьэ |
kʲʼaħə |
кӏьэхьы |
t͡ʃʼəħ |
кӏыхь
|
short |
kʲʼat͡ʃʼə |
кӏьэкӏы |
t͡ʃʼat͡ʃʼə |
кӏэкӏы |
t͡ʃʼat͡ʃʼə |
кӏьэкӏы |
t͡ʃʼaɕʼ |
кӏэщӏ
|
to kill |
wkʲʼən |
укӏьын |
wt͡ʃʼən |
укӏын |
wkʲʼən |
укӏьын |
wt͡ʃʼən |
укӏын
|
rope |
kʲʼaːpsa |
кӏьапсэ |
t͡ʃʼaːpsa |
кӏапсэ |
kʲʼaːpsa |
кӏьапсэ |
t͡ʃʼaːpsa |
кӏапсэ
|
key |
ʔʷənkʲʼəbza |
ӏункӏьыбзэ |
ʔʷənt͡ʃʼəbza |
ӏункӏыбзэ |
ʔʷəkʲʼəbza |
ӏукӏьыбзэ |
ʔʷənt͡ʃʼəbza |
ӏункӏыбзэ
|
tail |
kʲʼa |
кӏьэ |
t͡ʃʼa |
кӏэ |
kʲʼa |
кӏьэ |
t͡ʃʼa |
кӏэ
|
beard |
ʒaːkʲʼa |
жакӏьэ |
ʒaːt͡ʃʼa |
жакӏэ |
ʒaːkʲʼa |
жакӏьэ |
ʑaːt͡ʃʼa |
жьакӏэ
|
Temirgoy |
kʲʼaməɡʷəja |
кӏьэмыгуе |
t͡ʃʼaməɡʷəja |
кӏэмыгуе |
kʲʼaməɡʷəja |
кӏьэмыгуе |
t͡ʃʼaməɡʷəja |
кӏэмыгуе
|
- Proto-Circassian гь [[[Script error: No such module "IPA symbol".|ɡʲ]]] survived in Shapsug. In other Circassian dialects it became дж [[[Script error: No such module "IPA symbol".|d͡ʒ]]] :
Word
|
Proto-Circassian
|
Adyghe
|
Kabardian
|
Temirgoy and Abzakh
|
Shapsug
|
IPA
|
Cyrillic
|
IPA
|
Cyrillic
|
IPA
|
Cyrillic
|
IPA
|
Cyrillic
|
dress/shirt |
ɡʲaːna |
гьанэ |
d͡ʒaːna |
джанэ |
ɡʲaːna |
гьанэ |
d͡ʒaːna |
джанэ
|
to study to read to call |
jaɡʲan |
егьэн |
jad͡ʒan |
еджэн |
jaɡʲan |
егьэн |
jad͡ʒan |
еджэн
|
infidel |
ɡʲaːwər |
гьаур |
d͡ʒaːwər |
джаур |
ɡʲaːwər |
гьаур |
d͡ʒaːwər |
джаур
|
to play |
ɡʲagʷən |
гьэгун |
d͡ʒagʷən |
джэгун |
ɡʲagʷən |
гьэгун |
d͡ʒagʷən |
джэгун
|
game |
ɡʲagʷ |
гьэгу |
d͡ʒagʷ |
джэгу |
ɡʲagʷ |
гьэгу |
d͡ʒagʷ |
джэгу
|
toy |
ɡʲaɡʷaːɬa |
гьэгуалъэ |
d͡ʒagʷaːɬa |
джэгуалъэ |
ɡʲagʷaːɬa |
гьэгуалъэ |
d͡ʒagʷaːɬa |
джэгуалъэ
|
bitter |
dəɡʲə |
дыгьы |
dəd͡ʒə |
дыджы |
dəɡʲə |
дыгьы |
dəd͡ʒ |
дыдж
|
pants |
ʁʷanʃaɡʲ |
гъоншэгь |
ʁʷant͡ʃad͡ʒ |
гъончэдж |
ʁʷaʃaɡʲ |
гъошэгь |
ʁʷanʃad͡ʒ |
гъоншэдж
|
evil |
bzaːɡʲa |
бзагьэ |
bzaːd͡ʒa |
бзаджэ |
bzaːɡʲa |
бзагьэ |
bzaːd͡ʒa |
бзаджэ
|
spider |
baɡʲə |
бэгьы |
bad͡ʒə |
бэджы |
baːɡʲa |
багьэ |
bad͡ʒ |
бэдж
|
that's it |
ɡʲaːrə |
гьары |
d͡ʒaːrə |
джары |
ɡʲaːrə |
гьары |
d͡ʒaːrə |
джары
|
Labiodentalization
The Proto-Circassian language did not had labiodental consonants (ф [[[Script error: No such module "IPA symbol".|f]]] and в [[[Script error: No such module "IPA symbol".|v]]]). There existed a series of labialized alveolar sibilant affricates and fricatives: *[tsʷ] ⟨цу⟩, *[sʷʼ] ⟨сӏу⟩, *[sʷ] ⟨су⟩, *[zʷ] ⟨зу⟩. In Adyghe Temirgoy dialect they became *[tsʷ] ⟨цу⟩, *[ʃʼʷ] ⟨шӏу⟩, *[ʃʷ] ⟨шъу⟩, *[ʒʷ] ⟨жъу⟩. In Shapsug, Bzhedug and Abzakh dialects of Adyghe they become labiopalatalized *[tɕʷ] ⟨чъу⟩, *[ʃʼʷ] ⟨шӏу⟩, *[ʃʷ] ⟨шъу⟩, *[ʒʷ] ⟨жъу⟩, and in Kabardian they become labiodental consonants *[[[Script error: No such module "IPA symbol".|v]]] ⟨в⟩, *[[[Script error: No such module "IPA symbol".|fʼ]]] ⟨фӏ⟩, *[[[Script error: No such module "IPA symbol".|f]]] ⟨ф⟩, *[[[Script error: No such module "IPA symbol".|v]]] ⟨в⟩.
- Proto-Circassian aspirated цʰу [[[Script error: No such module "IPA symbol".|t͡sʰʷ]]] became чъʰу [t͡ɕʰʷ] in Bzhedug, цу [t͡sʷ] in Temirgoy, чъу [t͡ɕʷ] in Shapsug and Abzakh and ф [f] in Kabardian.
Word
|
Proto-Circassian
|
Adyghe
|
Kabardian
|
Bzhedug
|
Temirgoy
|
Abzakh and Shapsug
|
IPA
|
Cyrillic
|
IPA
|
Cyrillic
|
IPA
|
Cyrillic
|
IPA
|
Cyrillic
|
IPA
|
Cyrillic
|
jungle/bushy area |
t͡sʰʷənə |
цʰуны |
t͡ɕʰʷənə |
чъʰуны |
t͡sʷənə |
цуны |
t͡ɕʷənə |
чъуны |
fən |
фын
|
- Proto-Circassian су [sʷ] became шъу [ʃʷ] in the Adyghe dialects and ф [[[Script error: No such module "IPA symbol".|f]]] in the Kabardian dialects :
Word
|
Proto-Circassian
|
Adyghe
|
Kabardian
|
Temirgoy
|
Shapsug and Abzakh
|
IPA
|
Cyrillic
|
IPA
|
Cyrillic
|
IPA
|
Cyrillic
|
IPA
|
Cyrillic
|
skin color you (plural) |
sʷa |
суэ |
ɕʷa |
шъо |
ɕʷa |
шъо |
fa |
фэ
|
honey |
sʷaw |
суэу |
ɕʷaw |
шъоу |
ɕʷaw |
шъоу |
faw |
фо
|
wife |
sʷəz |
суз |
ɕʷəz |
шъуз |
ɕʷəz |
шъуз |
fəz |
фыз
|
green |
wət͡səsʷa |
уцысуэ |
wət͡səɕʷa |
уцышъо |
wət͡səɕʷa |
уцышъо |
wəd͡zəfa |
удзыфэ
|
- Proto-Circassian зу [zʷ] became жъу [ʒʷ] in the Adyghe dialects and в [[[Script error: No such module "IPA symbol".|v]]] in the Kabardian dialects :
Word
|
Proto-Circassian
|
Adyghe
|
Kabardian
|
Temirgoy
|
Shapsug and Abzakh
|
IPA
|
Cyrillic
|
IPA
|
Cyrillic
|
IPA
|
Cyrillic
|
IPA
|
Cyrillic
|
to boil, to plow |
zʷan |
зуэн |
ʒʷan |
жъон |
ʒʷan |
жъон |
van |
вэн
|
stone, rock |
məzʷa |
мызуэ |
məʑʷa |
мыжъо |
məʑʷa |
мыжъо |
məva |
мывэ
|
star |
zʷaːʁʷa |
зуагъо |
ʑʷaːʁʷa |
жъуагъо |
ʑʷaːʁʷa |
жъуагъо |
vaːʁʷa |
вагъуэ
|
narrow |
zazʷə |
зэзу |
zaʑʷə |
зэжъу |
zaʑʷə |
зэжъу |
zavə |
зэвы
|
wide |
ʔʷəzʷə |
ӏузу |
ʔʷəʑʷə |
ӏужъу |
ʔʷəʑʷə |
ӏужъу |
ʔʷəvə |
ӏувы
|
- Proto-Circassian сӏу [sʷʼ] or цӏу [t͡sʷʼ] became шӏу [ʃʷʼ] in the Adyghe dialects and фӏ [[[Script error: No such module "IPA symbol".|fʼ]]] in the Kabardian dialects :
Word
|
Proto-Circassian
|
Adyghe
|
Kabardian
|
Temirgoy
|
Shapsug and Abzakh
|
IPA
|
Cyrillic
|
IPA
|
Cyrillic
|
IPA
|
Cyrillic
|
IPA
|
Cyrillic
|
well |
sʷʼə |
сӏу |
ɕʷʼə |
шӏу |
ɕʷʼə |
шӏу |
fʼə |
фӏы
|
black |
sʷʼət͡sʼa |
сӏуцӏэ |
ɕʷʼət͡sʼa |
шӏуцӏэ |
ɕʷʼət͡sʼa |
шӏуцӏэ |
fʼət͡sʼa |
фӏыцӏэ
|
fire |
maːsʷʼa |
масӏуэ |
maːɕʷʼa |
машӏо |
maːɕʷʼa |
машӏо |
maːfʼa |
мафӏэ
|
dirty |
sʷʼajə |
сӏуэи |
ɕʷʼajə |
шӏои |
ɕʷʼajə |
шӏои |
fʼej |
фӏей
|
- Proto-Circassian цу [t͡sʷ] survived in Temirgoy. In most Adyghe dialects (e.g. Abzakh, Shapsug and Bzhedug) it became чъу [t͡ɕʷ] and in the Kabardian dialects it became в [[[Script error: No such module "IPA symbol".|v]]] :
Word
|
Proto-Circassian
|
Adyghe
|
Kabardian
|
Temirgoy
|
Shapsug and Abzakh
|
IPA
|
Cyrillic
|
IPA
|
Cyrillic
|
IPA
|
Cyrillic
|
IPA
|
Cyrillic
|
shoes |
t͡sʷaːqa |
цуакъэ |
t͡sʷaːqa |
цуакъэ |
t͡ɕʷaːqa |
чъуакъэ |
vaːqa |
вакъэ
|
ox |
t͡sʷə |
цу |
t͡sʷə |
цу |
t͡ɕʷə |
чъу |
və |
вы
|
ploughshare |
t͡sʷaːbza |
цуабзэ |
t͡sʷaːbza |
цуабзэ |
t͡ɕʷaːbza |
чъуабзэ |
vaːbd͡za |
вабзэ
|
raven |
t͡sʷəndə |
цунды |
t͡sʷəndə |
цунды |
? |
? |
vənd |
вынд
|
Labiodental [[[Script error: No such module "IPA symbol".|f]]] ⟨ф⟩ is found also in Adyghe, but there it derives from the Proto-Circassian labialized voiceless velar fricative [xʷ] ⟨ху⟩, which survived in the East Circassian dialects (e.g. Kabardian and Besleney).
Word
|
Proto-Circassian
|
Adyghe
|
Kabardian
|
Temirgoy and Abzakh
|
Shapsug
|
IPA
|
Cyrillic
|
IPA
|
Cyrillic
|
IPA
|
Cyrillic
|
IPA
|
Cyrillic
|
day |
maːxʷa |
махуэ |
maːfa |
мафэ |
maːfa |
мафэ |
maːxʷa |
махуэ
|
white |
xʷəʑə |
хужьы |
fəʑə |
фыжьы |
fəʑə |
фыжьы |
xʷəʑə |
хужьы
|
person |
t͡sʼəxʷə |
цӏыху |
t͡sʼəfə |
цӏыфы |
t͡sʼəfə |
цӏыфы |
t͡sʼəxʷ |
цӏыху
|
hot |
xʷaːba |
хуабэ |
faːba |
фабэ |
faːba |
фабэ |
xʷaːba |
хуабэ
|
corn |
nartəxʷ |
нартыху |
nartəf |
нартыф |
natəf |
натыф |
nartəxʷ |
нартыху
|
like |
xʷad |
хуэд |
fad |
фэд |
fad |
фэд |
xʷad |
хуэд
|
to want |
xʷajan |
хуэен |
fajan |
фэен |
fajan |
фэен |
xʷajan |
?
|
garlic |
bʑənəxʷ |
бжьыныху |
bʑənəf |
бжьыныф |
bʑənəf |
бжьыныф |
bʑənəxʷ |
бжьыныху
|
man |
χʷəɬxʷəʁa |
хъулъхугъэ |
χʷəɬfəʁa |
хъулъфыгъэ |
qʷəlfəʁa |
къулфыгъэ |
χʷəɬxʷəʁa |
хъулъхугъэ
|
woman |
bzəɬxʷəʁa |
бзылъхугъэ |
bzəɬfəʁa |
бзылъфыгъэ |
bzəlfəʁa |
бзылфыгъэ |
bzəɬxʷəʁa |
бзылъхугъэ
|
tin |
t͡saxʷ |
цэху |
t͡saf |
цэф |
t͡saf |
цэф |
d͡zːaxʷ |
дзэху
|
light |
naxʷə(n) |
нэху(н) |
nafən |
нэфын |
nafna |
нэфнэ |
naxʷ |
нэху
|
straight man |
zaːxʷa |
захуэ |
zaːfa |
зафэ |
zaːfa |
зафэ |
zaːxʷa |
захуэ
|
Uvular affricates
The consonant aspirated voiceless uvular stop [qʰ] ⟨къʰ⟩ and its labialized counterpart [qʰʷ] ⟨къʰу⟩ survived in Bzhedug. In the Temirgoy dialect they become къ [[[Script error: No such module "IPA symbol".|q]]] and къу [qʷ] while in Shapsug dialect they become хъ [[[Script error: No such module "IPA symbol".|χ]]] and хъу [χʷ]. In Kabardian they became affricate voiceless uvular affricate [q͡χ] ⟨кхъ⟩ and labialized voiceless uvular affricate [q͡χʷ] ⟨кхъу⟩.
Word
|
Proto-Circassian
|
Adyghe
|
Kabardian
|
Temirgoy
|
Shapsug
|
Bzhedug
|
IPA
|
Cyrillic
|
IPA
|
Cyrillic
|
IPA
|
Cyrillic
|
IPA
|
Cyrillic
|
IPA
|
Cyrillic
|
son |
qʷa |
къо |
qʷa |
къо |
qʷa |
къо |
qʷa |
къо |
qʷa |
къуэ
|
man |
χʷəɬxʷəʁa |
хъулъхугъэ |
χʷəɬfəʁa |
хъулъфыгъэ |
qʷəlfəʁa |
къулфыгъэ |
χʷəɬfəʁa |
хъулъфыгъэ |
χʷəɬxʷəʁa |
хъулъхугъэ
|
grave |
qʰa |
къʰэ |
qa |
къэ |
χa |
хъэ |
qʰa |
къʰэ |
q͡χa |
кхъэ
|
male |
χʷə |
хъу |
χʷə |
хъу |
χʷə |
хъу |
χʷə |
хъу |
χʷə |
хъу
|
pig |
qʰʷa |
къʰо |
qʷa |
къо |
χʷa |
хъо |
qʰʷa |
къʰо |
q͡χʷa |
кхъуэ
|
cheese |
? |
? |
q͡ʷaːja |
къуае |
χʷaːja |
хъуае |
? |
? |
q͡χʷej |
кхъуей
|
voice/sound |
? |
? |
maːqa |
макъэ |
maːχa |
махъэ |
? |
? |
maːq |
макъ
|
ship |
? |
? |
qʷəħa |
къухьэ |
qʷaħ |
къохь |
? |
? |
q͡χʷaħ |
кхъухь
|
ant |
? |
? |
qaːmzaɡʷ |
къамзэгу |
χaːnzaɡʷ |
хъанзэгу |
? |
? |
χʷəmpʼat͡sʼad͡ʒ |
хъумпӏэцӏэдж
|
peer |
? |
? |
qʷəʐə |
къужъы |
qʷəʐə |
къужъы |
? |
? |
q͡χʷəʑə |
кхъужьы
|
Lateral affricates
In the Proto-Circassian there existed an alveolar lateral ejective affricate *[t͡ɬʼ]. This consonant survived in the Besleney dialect of Kabardian . In most Circassian dialects it become an alveolar lateral ejective fricative [ɬʼ].[4]
Word
|
Proto-Circassian
|
Adyghe
|
Kabardian
|
Besleney
|
Temirgoy
|
Shapsug
|
Abzakh
|
IPA
|
Cyrillic
|
IPA
|
Cyrillic
|
IPA
|
Cyrillic
|
IPA
|
Cyrillic
|
IPA
|
Cyrillic
|
IPA
|
Cyrillic
|
four |
pt͡ɬʼə |
птлӏы |
pɬʼə |
плӏы |
pɬʼə |
плӏы |
pɬʼə |
плӏы |
pɬʼə |
плӏы |
pt͡ɬʼə |
птлӏы
|
to die |
mat͡ɬʼan |
мэтлӏэн |
maɬʼan |
мэлӏэн |
maɬʼan |
мэлӏэн |
maɬʼan |
мэлӏэн |
maɬʼan |
мэлӏэн |
mat͡ɬʼan |
мэтлӏэн
|
man/husband |
t͡ɬʼə |
тлӏы |
ɬʼə |
лӏы |
ɬʼə |
лӏы |
ɬʼə |
лӏы |
ɬʼə |
лӏы |
t͡ɬʼə |
тлӏы
|
There also existed voiced alveolar lateral affricate *[d͡ɮ] that become [ɣ] in Adyghe and [ʒ] in Kabardian and a palatalized voiced velar fricative *[ɣʲ] that become [ɣ] in Adyghe and [ʑ] in Kabardian.
Word
|
Proto-Circassian
|
Adyghe
|
Kabardian
|
Temirgoy
|
Shapsug
|
Abzakh
|
IPA
|
Cyrillic
|
IPA
|
Cyrillic
|
IPA
|
Cyrillic
|
IPA
|
Cyrillic
|
IPA
|
Cyrillic
|
rip |
t͡saːd͡ɮa |
цадлэ |
t͡saːɣa |
цагэ |
t͡saːɣa |
цагэ |
t͡saːɣa |
цагэ |
d͡zaːʒa |
дзажэ
|
to wash, to launder |
ɣʲət͡ʃʼan |
гыкӏэн |
ɣət͡ʃʼan |
гыкӏэн |
ɣət͡ʃʼan |
гыкӏэн |
ɣət͡ʃʼan |
гыкӏэн |
ʑəɕʼan |
жьыщӏэн
|
Ejective plosive
The consonants glottal stop [ʔ] and labialized glottal stop [ʔʷ] in Proto-Circassian may have come from uvular ejective [qʼ] and labialized uvular ejective [qʷʼ]. In the Hakuchi dialect it is pronounced as [qʼ] and [qʷʼ].[5]
Word
|
Proto-Circassian
|
Ubykh
|
Adyghe
|
Kabardian
|
IPA
|
Cyrillic
|
IPA
|
Cyrillic
|
IPA
|
Cyrillic
|
two |
tʼqʷʼə ~ tʔʷə |
тӏыкъӏу |
tʼqʷʼa |
tʷʼə |
тӏу |
tʼəw |
тӏу
|
to say |
qʼan ~ ʔʷan |
къӏуэн |
qʼan |
ʔʷan |
ӏон |
ʔʷan |
ӏуэн
|
hand |
ʔa ~ qʼa |
къӏэ |
? |
ʔa |
ӏэ |
ʔa |
ӏэ
|
table |
ʔaːna ~ qʼaːna |
къӏанэ |
? |
ʔaːna |
ӏанэ |
ʔaːna |
ӏанэ
|
hat |
paːqʷʼa ~ paːʔʷa |
пакъӏуэ |
? |
paːʔʷa |
паӏо |
? |
?
|
Aspirated and tense
The reflexes of a series of obstruent consonants, described as "tense" or "geminate". In Kabardian, they become simple voiced consonants, while in Adyghe, the outcome depends on the dialect: in Bzhadugh, these remain as tense, in Temirgoy, they become simple voiceless consonants.
Aspirated consonants
- Proto-Circassian aspirated тʰ [[[Script error: No such module "IPA symbol".|tʰ]]] survived in the Bzhedug dialect and in other Circassian dialects it became plain т [[[Script error: No such module "IPA symbol".|t]]].
Word
|
Proto-Circassian
|
Adyghe
|
Kabardian
|
Bzhedug
|
Temirgoy, Abzakh and Shapsug
|
IPA
|
Cyrillic
|
IPA
|
Cyrillic
|
IPA
|
Cyrillic
|
IPA
|
Cyrillic
|
respect |
pχaːtʰa |
пхъатʰэ |
pχaːtʰa |
пхъатʰэ |
pχaːta |
пхъатэ |
- |
-
|
to disband |
tʼatʰan |
тӏэтʰэн |
tʼatʰan |
тӏэтʰэн |
tʼatan |
тӏэтэн |
tʼatan |
тӏэтэн
|
to give |
jatʰən |
етʰын |
jatʰən |
етʰын |
jatən |
етын |
jatən |
етын
|
to take |
ʃtʰan |
штʰэн |
ʃtʰan |
штʰэн |
ʃtan |
штэн |
ɕtan |
щтэн
|
on |
tʰajt |
тʰет |
tʰajt |
тʰет |
tajt |
тет |
tajt |
тет
|
smooth |
t͡sʼaːsʷtʰa |
цӏасутʰэ |
t͡sʼaːʃʷtʰa |
цӏашъутʰэ |
t͡sʼaːʃʷta |
цӏашъутэ |
t͡sʼaːfta |
цӏафтэ
|
to afraid |
ɕtʰan |
щтʰэн |
ɕtʰan |
щтʰэн |
ɕtan |
щтэн |
ɕtan |
щтэн
|
pillow |
ʂħaːntʰa |
шъхьантʰэ |
ʂħaːntʰa |
шъхьантʰэ |
ʂħaːnta |
шъхьантэ |
ɕħaːta |
щхьатэ
|
- Proto-Circassian aspirated пʰ [[[Script error: No such module "IPA symbol".|pʰ]]] survived in the Bzhedug dialect and in other Circassian dialects it became plain п [[[Script error: No such module "IPA symbol".|p]]].
Word
|
Proto-Circassian
|
Adyghe
|
Kabardian
|
Bzhedug
|
Temirgoy and Abzakh
|
Shapsug
|
IPA
|
Cyrillic
|
IPA
|
Cyrillic
|
IPA
|
Cyrillic
|
IPA
|
Cyrillic
|
IPA
|
Cyrillic
|
sharp |
pʰaːpt͡sʼa |
пʰапцӏэ |
pʰaːpʰt͡sʼa |
пʰапцӏэ |
paːpt͡sʼa |
папцӏэ |
paːpsʼa |
папсӏэ |
папцӏэ |
paːpt͡sʼa
|
arrogant |
pʰaːɣa |
пʰагэ |
pʰaːɣa |
пʰагэ |
paːɣa |
пагэ |
paːɣa |
пагэ |
paːɣa |
пагэ
|
nose |
pʰa |
пʰэ |
pʰa |
пʰэ |
pa |
пэ |
pa |
пэ |
pa |
пэ
|
- Proto-Circassian aspirated цʰ [[[Script error: No such module "IPA symbol".|t͡sʰ]]] survived in the Bzhedug dialect and in other Circassian dialects it became plain ц [[[Script error: No such module "IPA symbol".|t͡s]]].
Word
|
Proto-Circassian
|
Adyghe
|
Kabardian
|
Bzhedug
|
Temirgoy, Abzakh and Shapsug
|
IPA
|
Cyrillic
|
IPA
|
Cyrillic
|
IPA
|
Cyrillic
|
IPA
|
Cyrillic
|
wool |
t͡sʰə |
цʰы |
t͡sʰə |
цʰы |
t͡sə |
цы |
t͡sə |
цы
|
eyelash |
nabzət͡sʰ |
нэбзыцʰ |
nabzət͡sʰ |
нэбзыцʰ |
nabzət͡s |
нэбзыц |
- |
-
|
- Proto-Circassian aspirated шʰ [[[Script error: No such module "IPA symbol".|ʃʰ]]] survived in the Bzhedug dialect. In other Adyghe dialects it became plain щ [[[Script error: No such module "IPA symbol".|ɕ]]] while in Kabardian it became plain ш [[[Script error: No such module "IPA symbol".|ʃ]]].
Word
|
Proto-Circassian
|
Adyghe
|
Kabardian
|
Bzhedug
|
Temirgoy, Abzakh and Shapsug
|
IPA
|
Cyrillic
|
IPA
|
Cyrillic
|
IPA
|
Cyrillic
|
IPA
|
Cyrillic
|
milk |
ʃʰa |
шʰэ |
ʃʰa |
шʰэ |
ɕa |
щэ |
ʃa |
шэ
|
lame |
ɬaːʃʰa |
лъашʰэ |
ɬaːʃʰa |
лъашʰэ |
ɬaːɕa |
лъащэ |
ɬaːʃa |
лъашэ
|
salt |
ʃʰəʁʷ |
шʰыгъу |
ʃʰəʁʷ |
шʰыгъу |
ɕəʁʷ |
щыгъу |
ʃəʁʷ |
шыгъу
|
cloud |
pʃʰa |
пшʰэ |
pʃʰa |
пшʰэ |
pɕa |
пщэ |
pʃa |
пшэ
|
pus |
ʃʰənə |
шʰыны |
ʃʰənə |
шʰыны |
- |
- |
ʃən |
шын
|
accordion |
pʃʰəna |
пшʰынэ |
pʃʰəna |
пшʰынэ |
pɕəna |
пщынэ |
pʃəna |
пшынэ
|
fat |
pʃʰarə |
пшʰэры |
pʃʰarə |
пшʰэры |
pɕarə |
пщынэ |
pʃar |
пшэр
|
wax |
ʃʰaxʷə |
шʰэху |
ʃʰafə |
шʰэфы |
- |
- |
ʃaxʷə |
шэху
|
- Proto-Circassian aspirated voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate ч [t͡ɕʰ] become plain чъ [[[Script error: No such module "IPA symbol".|t͡ʂ]]] in Temirgoy and aspirated чъʰ [t͡ʂʰ] in Bzhedug dialect, ш [[[Script error: No such module "IPA symbol".|ʃ]]] in the Abzakh dialect and щӏ [[[Script error: No such module "IPA symbol".|ɕʼ]]] in the Kabardian dialect.[6]
Word
|
Proto-Circassian
|
Adyghe
|
Kabardian
|
Bzhedug
|
Temirgoy
|
Abzakh
|
Shapsug
|
IPA
|
Cyrillic
|
IPA
|
Cyrillic
|
IPA
|
Cyrillic
|
IPA
|
Cyrillic
|
IPA
|
Cyrillic
|
IPA
|
Cyrillic
|
cold |
t͡ɕʰəʔa |
чьʰыӏэ |
t͡ʂʰəʔa |
чъʰыӏэ |
t͡ʂəʔa |
чъыӏэ |
ʃəʔa |
шыӏэ |
t͡ɕəʔa |
чьыӏэ |
ɕʼəʔa |
щбыӏэ
|
- Proto-Circassian aspirated чʰ [t͡ʃʰ] become ш [[[Script error: No such module "IPA symbol".|ʃ]]] in most Adyghe and Kabardian dialects but become aspirated шʰ [ʃʰ] in Bzhedug and чь [[[Script error: No such module "IPA symbol".|t͡ɕ]]] in Baslaney.
Word
|
Proto-Circassian
|
Adyghe
|
Kabardian
|
Baslaney
|
Bzhedug
|
Temirgoy, Abzakh and Shapsug
|
IPA
|
Cyrillic
|
IPA
|
Cyrillic
|
IPA
|
Cyrillic
|
IPA
|
Cyrillic
|
IPA
|
Cyrillic
|
horse brother |
t͡ʃʰə |
чʰы |
ʃʰə |
шʰы |
ʃə |
шы |
ʃə |
шы |
t͡ɕə |
чьы
|
wedding |
nəsaːt͡ʃʰa |
нысачʰэ |
nəsaːʃʰa |
нысашʰэ |
nəsaːʃa |
нысашэ |
nəsaːʃa |
нысашэ |
nəsaːt͡ɕa |
нысачьэ
|
sister |
t͡ʃʰəpχʷ |
чʰыпхъу |
ʃʰəpχʷ |
шʰыпхъу |
ʃəpχʷ |
шыпхъу |
ʃəpχʷ |
шыпхъу |
t͡ɕəpχʷ |
чьыпхъу
|
sand |
pt͡ʃʰaːχʷa |
пчʰахъо |
pʃʰaːχʷa |
пшʰахъо |
pʃaːχʷa |
пшахъо |
pʃaːχʷa |
пшахъуэ |
|
|
- Proto-Circassian aspirated кʰу [kʰʷ] survived in Bzhedug and in other Circassian dialects it became plain ку [[[Script error: No such module "IPA symbol".|kʷ]]].
Tense consonants
- Proto-Circassian plain voiceless alveolar stop т [[[Script error: No such module "IPA symbol".|t]]] become voiced д [[[Script error: No such module "IPA symbol".|d]]] in the Kabardian dialect.
Word
|
Proto-Circassian
|
Adyghe
|
Kabardian
|
Temirgoy, Abzakh and Bzhedug
|
Shapsug
|
IPA
|
Cyrillic
|
IPA
|
Cyrillic
|
IPA
|
Cyrillic
|
IPA
|
Cyrillic
|
we |
ta |
тэ |
ta |
тэ |
ta |
тэ |
da |
дэ
|
shoulder |
taːma |
тамэ |
taːma |
тамэ |
taːma |
тамэ |
daːma |
дамэ
|
sun |
təʁa |
тыгъэ |
təʁa |
тыгъэ |
təʁa |
тыгъэ |
dəʁa |
дыгъэ
|
Kabardian |
qabartaːj |
къэбэртай |
qabartaːj |
къэбэртай |
qabartaːj |
къэбэртай |
qabardej |
къэбэрдей
|
leader |
tʰħamaːta |
тʰхьэматэ |
tħamaːta |
тхьэматэ |
tħamaːta |
тхьэматэ |
tħamaːda |
тхьэмадэ
|
garden |
xaːta |
хатэ |
xaːta |
хатэ |
xaːta |
хатэ |
xaːda |
хадэ
|
rooster, cock |
ataːqa |
атакъэ |
ataːqa |
атакъэ |
атакъэ |
ataːqa |
adaːqa |
адакъэ
|
duck |
pʰsəkʲat |
псыкьэт |
psət͡ʃat |
псычэт |
psəkʲat |
псыкьэт |
psəd͡ʒad |
псыджэд
|
silver |
təʑən |
тыжьын |
təʑənə |
тыжьыны |
təʑən |
тыжьын |
dəʑən |
дыжьын
|
yesterday |
təʁʷaːsa |
тыгъуасэ |
təʁʷaːsa |
тыгъуасэ |
təʁʷaːsa |
тыгъуасэ |
dəʁʷaːsa |
дыгъуасэ
|
wolf |
təʁʷəʐ |
тыгъужъ |
təʁʷəʐ |
тыгъужъ |
təʁʷəʐ |
тыгъужъ |
dəʁʷəʑ |
дыгъужъ
|
chicken |
kʲat |
кьэт |
t͡ʃat |
чэт |
kʲat |
кьэт |
d͡ʒad |
джэд
|
cat |
kʲatəw |
кьэтыу |
t͡ʃatəw |
чэтыу |
kʲatəw |
кьэтыу |
d͡ʒadəw |
джэдыу
|
hard |
pəta |
пытэ |
pəta |
пытэ |
pəta |
пытэ |
bəda |
быдэ
|
- Proto-Circassian plain voiceless bilabial stop п [[[Script error: No such module "IPA symbol".|p]]] become voiced б [[[Script error: No such module "IPA symbol".|b]]] in the Kabardian dialect.
Word
|
Proto-Circassian
|
Adyghe
|
Kabardian
|
Temirgoy and Bzhedug
|
Shapsug
|
IPA
|
Cyrillic
|
IPA
|
Cyrillic
|
IPA
|
Cyrillic
|
IPA
|
Cyrillic
|
glass |
ʔaːpkʲ |
апкь |
ʔaːpt͡ʃ |
апч |
ʔaːpkʲ |
апкь |
абдж |
ʔaːbd͡ʒ
|
today |
nəjapa |
ныепэ |
najpa |
непэ |
napa |
нэпэ |
nawba |
нобэ
|
thorn |
paːna |
панэ |
paːna |
панэ |
? |
? |
baːna |
банэ
|
hard |
pəta |
пытэ |
pəta |
пытэ |
pəta |
пытэ |
bəda |
быдэ
|
goat |
pt͡ʃan |
пчэн |
pt͡ʃanə |
пчэны |
pt͡ʃan |
пчэн |
bʒan |
бжэн
|
enemy |
pəj |
пый |
pəj |
пый |
pəj |
пый |
bəj |
бий
|
to count |
pt͡ʂən |
пчъын |
pt͡ʂən |
пчъын |
pt͡ɕən |
пчьын |
bʒən |
бжын
|
Word
|
Proto-Circassian
|
Adyghe
|
Kabardian
|
IPA
|
Cyrillic
|
IPA
|
Cyrillic
|
IPA
|
Cyrillic
|
tooth |
t͡sa |
цэ |
t͡sa |
цэ |
d͡za |
дзэ
|
mouse |
t͡səʁʷa |
цыгъо |
t͡səʁʷa |
цыгъо |
d͡zəʁʷa |
дзыгъуэ
|
fish |
pt͡saʐəja |
пцэжъые |
pt͡saʐəja |
пцэжъые |
bd͡zaʑəj |
бдзэжьей
|
grass |
wət͡sə |
уцы |
wət͡sə |
уцы |
wəd͡zə |
удзы
|
green |
wət͡səsʷa |
уцысуэ |
wət͡səɕʷa |
уцышъо |
wəd͡zəfa |
удзыфэ
|
- Proto-Circassian voiceless palato-alveolar affricate ч [t͡ʃ] become щ [[[Script error: No such module "IPA symbol".|ɕ]]] in the Abzakh dialect and ж [[[Script error: No such module "IPA symbol".|ʒ]]] in the Kabardian dialect.[7]
Word
|
Proto-Circassian
|
Adyghe
|
Kabardian
|
Temirgoy, Shapsug and Bzhedug
|
Abzakh
|
IPA
|
Cyrillic
|
IPA
|
Cyrillic
|
IPA
|
Cyrillic
|
IPA
|
Cyrillic
|
cow |
t͡ʃam |
чэм |
t͡ʃamə |
чэмы |
ɕam |
щэм |
ʒam |
жэм
|
spear |
pt͡ʃə |
пчы |
pt͡ʃə |
пчы |
pɕə |
пщы |
bʒə |
бжы
|
goat |
pt͡ʃan |
пчэн |
pt͡ʃanə |
пчэны |
pɕanə |
пщэны |
bʒan |
бжэн
|
village |
t͡ʃəɮa |
чылэ |
t͡ʃəɮa |
чылэ |
ɕəla |
щылэ |
ʒəɮa |
жылэ
|
night |
t͡ʃaɕ |
чэщ |
t͡ʃaɕ |
чэщ |
ɕaɕə |
щэщы |
ʒaɕ |
жэщ
|
Proto-Circassian plain voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate ч [t͡ɕ] also become чъ [[[Script error: No such module "IPA symbol".|t͡ʂ]]] in the Temirgoy and Bzhedug dialect, ш [[[Script error: No such module "IPA symbol".|ʃ]]] in the Abzakh dialect but ж [[[Script error: No such module "IPA symbol".|ʒ]]] in the Kabardian dialect.[8]
Word
|
Proto-Circassian
|
Adyghe
|
Kabardian
|
Bzhedug
|
Temirgoy
|
Abzakh
|
Shapsug
|
IPA
|
Cyrillic
|
IPA
|
Cyrillic
|
IPA
|
Cyrillic
|
IPA
|
Cyrillic
|
IPA
|
Cyrillic
|
IPA
|
Cyrillic
|
to run |
t͡ɕan |
чьэн |
t͡ʂan |
чъэн |
t͡ʂan |
чъэн |
ʃan |
шэн |
t͡ɕan |
чьэн |
ʒan |
жэн
|
- Proto-Circassian plain voiceless retroflex affricate чъ [t͡ʂ] become чь [[[Script error: No such module "IPA symbol".|t͡ɕ]]] in Shapsug and Abzakh, ж [[[Script error: No such module "IPA symbol".|ʒ]]] in the Kabardian and дж [[[Script error: No such module "IPA symbol".|d͡ʒ]]] in the Baslaney dialect.
- Proto-Circassian plain ку [kʷ] became voiced гу [ɡʷ] in the Kabardian dialects :
Word
|
Proto-Circassian
|
Adyghe
|
Shapsug
|
Kabardian
|
IPA
|
Cyrillic
|
IPA
|
Cyrillic
|
IPA
|
Cyrillic
|
IPA
|
Cyrillic
|
twig |
? |
? |
kʷaːma |
куамэ |
? |
? |
ɡʷaːna |
гуанэ
|
group |
kʷarta |
кортэ |
kʷart |
корт |
? |
? |
ɡʷarta |
гуэрт
|
pitchfork |
kʷaːχʷa |
куахъо |
kʷaːχʷa |
куахъо |
kʷaːχʷa |
куахъо |
ɡʷarta |
гуахъуэ
|
wheat |
kʷat͡s |
коц |
kʷat͡sə |
коцы |
kʷat͡s |
коц |
ɡʷad͡z |
гуэдз
|
short |
kʲʼaːkʷa |
кӏьако |
t͡ʃʼaːkʷa |
кӏако |
kʲʼaːkʷa |
кӏьако |
t͡ʃʼaːɡʷa |
кӏагуэ
|
Other noticeable changes
Word
|
Proto-Circassian
|
Adyghe
|
Kabardian
|
Baslaney
|
Temirgoy, Shapsug and Bzhedug
|
Abzakh
|
IPA
|
Cyrillic
|
IPA
|
Cyrillic
|
IPA
|
Cyrillic
|
IPA
|
Cyrillic
|
IPA
|
Cyrillic
|
young man, boy |
t͡ʃʼaːɮa |
кӏалэ |
t͡ʃʼaːɮa |
кӏалэ |
ʔʲaːla |
ӏьалэ |
ɕʼaːɮa |
щӏалэ |
t͡ʃʼaːla |
кӏалэ
|
guest |
ħaːt͡ʃʼa |
хьакӏэ |
ħaːt͡ʃʼa |
хьакӏэ |
ħaːʔʲa |
хьаӏьэ |
ħaːɕʼa |
хьащӏэ |
ħaːt͡ʃʼa |
хьакӏэ
|
few |
maːt͡ʃʼa |
макӏэ |
maːt͡ʃʼa |
макӏэ |
maːʔʲa |
маӏьэ |
maːɕʼa |
мащӏэ |
maːt͡ʃʼa |
макӏэ
|
to regret |
t͡ʃʼaʁʷaʑən |
кӏэгъожьын |
t͡ʃʼaʁʷaʑən |
кӏэгъожьын |
ʔʲaʁʷaʑən |
ӏьэгъожьын |
ɕʼaʁʷaʒən |
щӏэгъуэжын |
t͡ʃʼaʁʷaʑən |
кӏэгъуэжьын
|
stands under |
t͡ʃʼat |
чӏэт |
t͡ʃʼat |
чӏэт |
ʔʲat |
ӏьэт |
ɕʼat |
щӏэт |
t͡ʃʼat |
кӏэт
|
sits under |
t͡ʃʼas |
чӏэс |
t͡ʃʼas |
чӏэс |
ʔʲas |
ӏьэс |
ɕʼas |
щӏэс |
t͡ʃʼas |
кӏэс
|
lies under |
t͡ʃʼaɬ |
чӏэлъ |
t͡ʃʼaɬ |
чӏэлъ |
ʔʲaɬ |
ӏьэлъ |
ɕʼaɬ |
щӏэлъ |
t͡ʃʼaɬ |
кӏэлъ
|
to ask |
t͡ʃʼawpt͡ʃʼan |
кӏэупчӏэн |
t͡ʃʼawpt͡ʃʼan |
кӏэупчӏэн |
ʔʲawpt͡ʃʼan |
ӏьэупчӏэн |
ɕʼawpt͡ʃʼan |
щӏэупкӏэн |
t͡ʃʼawpt͡ʃʼan |
кӏэупчӏэн
|
fast |
psənt͡ʃʼa |
псынкӏэ |
psənt͡ʃʼa |
псынкӏэ |
? |
? |
psənɕʼa |
псынщӏэ |
psənt͡ʃʼa |
псынкӏэ
|
- Proto-Circassian дж [[[Script error: No such module "IPA symbol".|d͡ʒ]]] survived in the Adyghe diaelcts, but became ж [[[Script error: No such module "IPA symbol".|ʒ]]] in the Kabardian dialect. Proto-Circassian джь [[[Script error: No such module "IPA symbol".|d͡ʑ]]] became дж [[[Script error: No such module "IPA symbol".|d͡ʒ]]] in Adyghe and жь [[[Script error: No such module "IPA symbol".|ʑ]]] in Kabardian. The дж [[[Script error: No such module "IPA symbol".|d͡ʒ]]] in Kabardian derives from Proto-Circassian plain кь [[[Script error: No such module "IPA symbol".|kʲ]]] and гь [[[Script error: No such module "IPA symbol".|ɡʲ]]].
Word
|
Proto-Circassian
|
Adyghe
|
Kabardian
|
IPA
|
Cyrillic
|
IPA
|
Cyrillic
|
IPA
|
Cyrillic
|
friend |
nəbd͡ʑaʁʷ |
ныбджьэгъу |
nəbd͡ʒaʁʷ |
ныбджэгъу |
nəbʑaʁʷ |
ныбжьэгъу
|
fox |
baːd͡ʒa |
баджэ |
baːd͡ʒa |
баджэ |
baːʒa |
бажэ
|
arch, bridge |
ɬaməd͡ʒ |
лъэмыдж |
ɬaməd͡ʒ |
лъэмыдж |
ɬaməʒ |
лъэмыж
|
flour |
ħad͡ʒəʁa |
хьэджыгъэ |
ħaːd͡ʒəʁa |
хьаджыгъэ |
ħaʒəʁa |
хьэжыгъэ
|
knee |
ɬaɡʷaːnd͡ʒa |
лъэгуанджэ |
ɬaɡʷaːnd͡ʒa |
лъэгуанджэ |
ɬaɡʷaːnʒa |
лъэгуанжэ
|
village |
qʷaːd͡ʒa |
къуаджэ |
qʷaːd͡ʒa |
къуаджэ |
qʷaːʒa |
къуажэ
|
- Proto-Circassian palatalized voiceless uvular fricative хъь [χʲ] become хь [[[Script error: No such module "IPA symbol".|ħ]]] in most Adyghe dialects and in some Kabardian dialects it became to хъ [[[Script error: No such module "IPA symbol".|χ]]].
Word
|
Proto-Circassian
|
Adyghe
|
Kabardian
|
IPA
|
Cyrillic
|
IPA
|
Cyrillic
|
IPA
|
Cyrillic
|
more |
naχʲ |
нэхъь |
naːħ |
нахь |
naχ |
нэхъ
|
older brother |
ʃənaχʲəʐ |
шынэхъьыжъ |
ʃənaħəʐ |
шынахьыжъ |
ʃənaχəʑ |
шынэхъыжь
|
younger brother |
ʃənaχʲət͡ʃʼ |
шынэхъьыкӏ |
ʃənaħət͡ʃ |
шынахьыкӏ |
ʃənaχəɕʼ |
шынэхъыщӏ
|
Grammar
Noun instrumental case
The suffix that was added for instrumental case nouns was -мгьэ (-mɡʲa) or -гьэ (-gʲa). In most western and eastern Circassian dialects it became -мкӏэ (-mt͡ʃa) or -кӏэ (-t͡ʃa) (e.g. Abzakh, Temirgoy and literary Kabardian), while in some other dialects (e.g. Bzhedug) it became -мджэ (-md͡ʒa) or -джэ (-d͡ʒa).
For example:
Meaning
|
Proto-Circassian
|
Shapsug
|
Most dialects
|
Bzhedug
|
Cyrillic
|
IPA
|
Cyrillic
|
IPA
|
Cyrillic
|
IPA
|
Cyrillic
|
IPA
|
(using) Adyghe language
|
адыгэбзэгьэ
|
aːdəɣabzagʲa
|
адыгэбзэгьэ
|
aːdəɣabzagʲa
|
адыгэбзэкӀэ
|
aːdəɣabzat͡ʃa
|
адыгэбзэджэ
|
aːdəɣabzad͡ʒa
|
with (using) the pencil
|
къэлэмымгьэ
|
qalaməmgʲa
|
къэлэмымгьэ
|
qalaməmgʲa
|
къэлэмымкIэ
|
qalaməmt͡ʃa
|
къэлэмымджэ
|
qalaməmd͡ʒa
|
Numbers
English
|
Proto-Circassian
|
Ubykh
|
Adyghe
|
Kabardian
|
Baslaney
|
Temirgoy and Bzhedug
|
Shapsug and Abzakh
|
IPA
|
Cyrillic
|
IPA
|
Cyrillic
|
IPA
|
Cyrillic
|
IPA
|
Cyrillic
|
IPA
|
Cyrillic
|
IPA
|
Cyrillic
|
One |
zə |
зы |
za |
зэ |
zə |
зы |
zə |
зы |
zə |
зы |
zə |
зы
|
Two |
tʷʼə |
тӏу |
tʼqʷʼa |
ткъӏуа |
tʷʼə |
тӏу |
tʷʼə |
тӏу |
tʼəw |
тӏу |
? |
тӏу
|
Three |
ɕə |
щы |
ʂa |
шъа |
ɕə |
щы |
ɕə |
щы |
ɕə |
щы |
ɕə |
щы
|
Four |
pt͡ɬʼə |
птлӏы |
pʼɬʼə |
плӏы |
pɬʼə |
плӏы |
pɬʼə |
плӏы |
pɬʼə |
плӏы |
pt͡ɬʼə |
птлӏы
|
Five |
txʷə |
тху |
ɕxə |
щхы |
tfə |
тфы |
tfə |
тфы |
txʷə |
тху |
txʷə |
тху
|
Six |
xə |
хы |
fə |
фы |
xə |
хы |
xə |
хы |
xə |
хы |
xə |
хы
|
Seven |
bɮə |
блы |
blə |
бльы |
bɮə |
блы |
blə |
бльы |
bɮə |
блы |
blə |
бльы
|
Eight |
jə |
и |
ʁʷa |
гъуа |
jə |
и |
jə |
и |
jə |
и |
jə |
и
|
Nine |
bʁʷə |
бгъу |
bʁʲə |
бгъьу |
bʁʷə |
бгъу |
bʁʷə |
бгъу |
bʁʷə |
бгъу |
bʁʷə |
бгъу
|
Ten |
pʃʼə |
пшӏы |
ʑʷə |
жъуы |
pʃʼə |
пшӏы |
pʃʼə |
пшӏы |
pɕʼə |
пщӏы |
pʃʼə |
пшӏы
|
See also
References
- STAROSTIN, Sergei A.; NIKOLAYEV, Sergei L. (1994). A North Caucasian Etymological Dictionary: Preface.